npm管理工具介绍

xiangzhihong

发布于 2018-02-05 07:15:31

1.4K00

代码可运行

文章被收录于专栏：向治洪向治洪

运行总次数：0

代码可运行

概述

Npm是NodeJS包管理工具，在最新版本中Nodejs集成了npm，可以通过输入 "npm -v" 来测试是否成功安装。如果你安装的是旧版本的 npm，可以通过 npm 命令来升级，命令如下：

sudo npm install npm -g

在以下几种情况中我们常用到npm:

允许用户从NPM服务器下载别人编写的第三方包到本地使用。
允许用户从NPM服务器下载并安装别人编写的命令行程序到本地使用。
允许用户将自己编写的包或命令行程序上传到NPM服务器供别人使用。

npm 命令安装模块

npm 安装 Node.js 模块语法格式如下：

npm install <Module Name>

如：我们使用 npm 命令安装常用的 Node.js web框架模块 express。

npm install express

安装好之后，express 包就放在了工程目录下的 node_modules 目录中，因此在代码中只需要通过 require('express') 的方式就好，无需指定第三方包路径。

var express = require('express');

如果我们安装到自定义的目录：

npm install hexo-demo --save

本地安装

1. 将安装包放在 ./node_modules 下（运行 npm 命令时所在的目录），如果没有 node_modules 目录，会在当前执行 npm 命令的目录下生成 node_modules 目录。 2. 可以通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包。

安装过程如下：

可以使用以下命令来查看所有全局安装的模块：

npm ls -g

package.json文件解析

一般我们会在项目的node_modules/express/package.json看到package.json文件。文件内容如下：

{
  "name": "express",
  "description": "Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework",
  "version": "4.13.3",
  "author": {
    "name": "TJ Holowaychuk",
    "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
  },
  "contributors": [
    {
      "name": "Aaron Heckmann",
      "email": "aaron.heckmann+github@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ciaran Jessup",
      "email": "ciaranj@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Douglas Christopher Wilson",
      "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guillermo Rauch",
      "email": "rauchg@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jonathan Ong",
      "email": "me@jongleberry.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roman Shtylman",
      "email": "shtylman+expressjs@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "Young Jae Sim",
      "email": "hanul@hanul.me"
    }
  ],
  "license": "MIT",
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+https://github.com/strongloop/express.git"
  },
  "homepage": "http://expressjs.com/",
  "keywords": [
    "express",
    "framework",
    "sinatra",
    "web",
    "rest",
    "restful",
    "router",
    "app",
    "api"
  ],
  "dependencies": {
    "accepts": "~1.2.12",
    "array-flatten": "1.1.1",
    "content-disposition": "0.5.0",
    "content-type": "~1.0.1",
    "cookie": "0.1.3",
    "cookie-signature": "1.0.6",
    "debug": "~2.2.0",
    "depd": "~1.0.1",
    "escape-html": "1.0.2",
    "etag": "~1.7.0",
    "finalhandler": "0.4.0",
    "fresh": "0.3.0",
    "merge-descriptors": "1.0.0",
    "methods": "~1.1.1",
    "on-finished": "~2.3.0",
    "parseurl": "~1.3.0",
    "path-to-regexp": "0.1.7",
    "proxy-addr": "~1.0.8",
    "qs": "4.0.0",
    "range-parser": "~1.0.2",
    "send": "0.13.0",
    "serve-static": "~1.10.0",
    "type-is": "~1.6.6",
    "utils-merge": "1.0.0",
    "vary": "~1.0.1"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "after": "0.8.1",
    "ejs": "2.3.3",
    "istanbul": "0.3.17",
    "marked": "0.3.5",
    "mocha": "2.2.5",
    "should": "7.0.2",
    "supertest": "1.0.1",
    "body-parser": "~1.13.3",
    "connect-redis": "~2.4.1",
    "cookie-parser": "~1.3.5",
    "cookie-session": "~1.2.0",
    "express-session": "~1.11.3",
    "jade": "~1.11.0",
    "method-override": "~2.3.5",
    "morgan": "~1.6.1",
    "multiparty": "~4.1.2",
    "vhost": "~3.0.1"
  },
  "engines": {
    "node": ">= 0.10.0"
  },
  "files": [
    "LICENSE",
    "History.md",
    "Readme.md",
    "index.js",
    "lib/"
  ],
  "scripts": {
    "test": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-ci": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha --report lcovonly -- --require test/support/env --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-cov": "istanbul cover node_modules/mocha/bin/_mocha -- --require test/support/env --reporter dot --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/",
    "test-tap": "mocha --require test/support/env --reporter tap --check-leaks test/ test/acceptance/"
  },
  "gitHead": "ef7ad681b245fba023843ce94f6bcb8e275bbb8e",
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/strongloop/express/issues"
  },
  "_id": "express@4.13.3",
  "_shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
  "_from": "express@*",
  "_npmVersion": "1.4.28",
  "_npmUser": {
    "name": "dougwilson",
    "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
  },
  "maintainers": [
    {
      "name": "tjholowaychuk",
      "email": "tj@vision-media.ca"
    },
    {
      "name": "jongleberry",
      "email": "jonathanrichardong@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "dougwilson",
      "email": "doug@somethingdoug.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "rfeng",
      "email": "enjoyjava@gmail.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "aredridel",
      "email": "aredridel@dinhe.net"
    },
    {
      "name": "strongloop",
      "email": "callback@strongloop.com"
    },
    {
      "name": "defunctzombie",
      "email": "shtylman@gmail.com"
    }
  ],
  "dist": {
    "shasum": "ddb2f1fb4502bf33598d2b032b037960ca6c80a3",
    "tarball": "http://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz"
  },
  "directories": {},
  "_resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/express/-/express-4.13.3.tgz",
  "readme": "ERROR: No README data found!"
}

再看我们之前搭建自己博客的时候的packege.json文件

{
  "name": "hexo-site",
  "version": "0.0.0",
  "private": true,
  "hexo": {
    "version": "3.2.2"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "hexo": "^3.2.2",
    "hexo-clean-css": "0.0.2",
    "hexo-deployer-git": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-generator-archive": "^0.1.4",
    "hexo-generator-baidu-sitemap": "^0.1.2",
    "hexo-generator-category": "^0.1.3",
    "hexo-generator-feed": "^1.2.0",
    "hexo-generator-index": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-generator-sitemap": "^1.1.2",
    "hexo-generator-tag": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-html-minifier": "0.0.1",
    "hexo-renderer-ejs": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-renderer-marked": "^0.2.10",
    "hexo-renderer-stylus": "^0.3.1",
    "hexo-server": "^0.2.0",
    "hexo-uglify": "0.0.3"
  }
}

Package.json 属性说明：

name - 包名。
version - 包的版本号。
description - 包的描述。
homepage - 包的官网 url 。
author - 包的作者姓名。
contributors - 包的其他贡献者姓名。
dependencies - 依赖包列表。如果依赖包没有安装，npm 会自动将依赖包安装在 node_module 目录下。
repository - 包代码存放的地方的类型，可以是 git 或 svn，git 可在 Github 上。
main - main 字段是一个模块ID，它是一个指向你程序的主要项目。就是说，如果你包的名字叫 express，然后用户安装它，然后require("express")。
keywords - 关键字

卸载包

npm uninstall express

可以到 /node_modules/ 目录下查看包是否还存在，或者使用以下命令查看

npm ls

更新包

Package.json 属性说明：

npm update 包名（expree）

创建模块

创建模块，package.json 文件是必不可少的。我们可以使用 NPM 生成 package.json 文件，生成的文件包含了基本的结果。

npm init
This utility will walk you through creating a package.json file.
It only covers the most common items, and tries to guess sensible defaults.

See `npm help json` for definitive documentation on these fields
and exactly what they do.

Use `npm install <pkg> --save` afterwards to install a package and
save it as a dependency in the package.json file.

Press ^C at any time to quit.
name: (node_modules) runoob                   # 模块名
version: (1.0.0) 
description: Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)  # 描述
entry point: (index.js) 
test command: make test
git repository: https://github.com/runoob/runoob.git  # Github 地址
keywords: 
author: 
license: (ISC) 
About to write to ……/node_modules/package.json:      # 生成地址

{
  "name": "runoob",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Node.js 测试模块(www.runoob.com)",
  ……
}


Is this ok? (yes) yes