# 关于元祖的函数- 以下代码- 以下函数,对 list 基本适用In [2]:
# len :获取元祖的长度t = (1,2,3,4,5,6)len(t)Out[2]:
6. . .
In [3]:
# 如果,列表或元祖中有多个最大值和多个最小值,则实际打印出哪个??
# max min :最大值最小值# 如果,列表或元祖中有多个最大值和多个最小值,则实际打印出哪个??print(max(t))print(min(t))6
1. . .
In [5]:
t
xxxxxxxxxx# tuple 转化成或创建元祖l = [1,2,3,4,5,6]t = tuple(l)print(t)t = tuple()print(t)(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(). . .
# 元祖的函数- 基本跟 list 通用Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
In [8]:
最前面的
# count :计算制定数据出现的次数t = (1,2,3,4,5,6,55,3,55,3)print(t)# index : 求制定元素在元祖中的索引位置print(t.index(55))# 如果需要查找的数字是多个,则返回最前面的一个print(t.index(3))(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 55, 3, 55, 3)
6
2. . .
In [12]:
* 20
xxxxxxxxxx# 元祖变量交换法a = 1b = 3print(a)print(b)print("*" * 20)# java程序员会这样写c = aa = bb = cprint(a)print(b)print("*" * 20)# python 写法a,b = b,aprint(a)print(b)1
3
********************
3
1
********************
1
3. . .
xxxxxxxxxx# 集合- set- 集合是高中数学的一个概念- 一堆确定的无序的唯一的数据,集合中每一个数据成为一个元素Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
In [16]:
s
xxxxxxxxxx# 集合定义s = set()print(type(s))print(s)# 此时大括号里一定要有值,否则定义出的是 dicts = {1,2,3,4,5,6}print(s)<class 'set'>
set()
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. . .
In [14]:
# 如果只是用大括号定义,则定义的是一个 dict 类型d = {}print(type(d))print(d)<class 'dict'>
{}. . .
# 集合的特征 - 集合是无序的,即无法使用索引分片 - 集合内数据元素具有唯一性,可以用来排除重复数据 - 集合内的数据, str int float tuple 冰冻集合等,即内部只能放置可哈希数据Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
# 集合序列操作Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
In [17]:
"woshishui","wozaina","wozaizuoshenm"
x# 成员检测# in not ins = {4,5,"woshishui","wozaina","wozaizuoshenm"}print(s)if "woshishui" in s: print("大大")if "woshini" not in s: print("你是谁"){4, 5, 'wozaizuoshenm', 'woshishui', 'wozaina'}
大大
你是谁. . .
便利操作
xxxxxxxxxx# 集合便利操作Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
In [18]:
xxxxxxxxxx# for 循环s = {4,5,"woshishui","wozaina","wozaizuoshenm"}for i in s: print(i,end=" ")4 5 wozaizuoshenm woshishui wozaina . . .
In [20]:
# 带有元组的集合遍历s = {(4,5,6),("woshishui","wozaina","wozaizuoshenm"),(5,6,7)}for k,n,m in s: print(k,"--",n,"--",m)5 -- 6 -- 7
4 -- 5 -- 6
woshishui -- wozaina -- wozaizuoshenm. . .
# 集合的内置函数
xxxxxxxxxx# 集合的内置函数Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
In [22]:
ss
xxxxxxxxxx # 普通集合 # 以下集合在初始化后自动过滤掉重复元素s = {2,22,333,55,66,33,11,559,66,1,2,3,45,6,12,3,2}print(s)# 普通的集合内置函数ss = {i for i in s}print(ss){33, 2, 66, 1, 3, 6, 11, 12, 333, 45, 559, 22, 55}
{33, 2, 3, 66, 1, 6, 11, 12, 333, 45, 559, 22, 55}. . .
In [23]:
sss
xxxxxxxxxx# 带条件的集合内置函数sss = {i for i in s if i % 2 == 0 }print(sss){2, 66, 6, 12, 22}. . .
In [29]:
if n ==4
# 多循环的集合内置函数s1 = {1,2,3,4,5}s2 = {"W","shishui","N"}s = {m*n for m in s2 for n in s1}print(s)s = {m*n for m in s2 for n in s1 if n ==4}print(s){'NNN', 'shishuishishuishishui', 'NNNNN', 'WW', 'NNNN', 'N', 'W', 'WWWW', 'shishui', 'shishuishishui', 'shishuishishuishishuishishuishishui', 'WWWWW', 'WWW', 'NN', 'shishuishishuishishuishishui'}
{'shishuishishuishishuishishui', 'WWWW', 'NNNN'}. . .
# 集合函数/关于集合的函数Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
In [30]:
# 集合内元素的最小值
# len, max, min, :跟其他基本函数一致s = {589,654,321,123,258}print(len(s))# 集合长度print(max(s))# 集合内元素的最大值print(min(s))# 集合内元素的最小值5
654
123. . .
In [32]:
l = [1,2,3] s = set(l) print(s)
x# set :生成一个集合l = [1,2,3]s = set(l)print(s){1, 2, 3}. . .
In [33]:
,生成新的集合
# add : 向集合内添加元素,生成新的集合s = {2,3,4}s.add(546)print(s){2, 3, 4, 546}. . .
In [34]:
s
xxxxxxxxxxl = [1,2,3]print(s)print(id(s))s = set(l)print(s)print(id(s)){2, 3, 4, 546}
2286297091432
{1, 2, 3}
2286297091656. . .
In [36]:
成新的集合
# clear:原集合序列清空,不生成新的集合l = [1,2,3]print(s)print(id(s))s.clear()print(s)print(id(s))set()
2286297091656
set()
2286297091656. . .
In [37]:
# copy : 拷贝# remove: 移除指定的值,直接改变原有值(不生成新的集合序列),如果要删除的值不错在,则报错# discard :移除集合内指定的值,跟 remove 一样,但是如果要删除的数据不存在话,不报错s = {1,2,3,4,5,6}s.remove(5)print(s)s.discard(1)print(s)print("*" * 20)s.discard(1100)print(t)s.remove(1100)print(s)# 为什么 remove 删除不存在的值会报 KeyError{1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
{2, 3, 4, 6}
********************
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 55, 3, 55, 3)---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-37-dfd60878c871> in <module>()
12 print(t)
13
---> 14 s.remove(1100)
15 print(s)
KeyError: 1100. . .
In [39]:
# pop 随机移除一个元素s = {1,2,3,4,5,6}d = s.pop()print(d)print(s)1
{2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. . .
In [40]:
# 集合函数# intersection:交集# difference:差集# union:并集# issubset:检测一个元素是否为另一个元素的子集# issuperset:检查一个元素是否为另一个元素的超集s1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}s2 = {9,10,11,12,15,16}s_1 = s1.intersection(s2)print(s_1)s_2 = s1.difference(s2)print(s_2)s_3 = s1.issubset(s2)print(s_3)set()
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
False. . .
In [44]:
# 集合数学操作s1 = {}s2 = {}s_1 = s1 - s2print(s_1)s_2 = s1 + s2print(s_2)---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-44-758adeea170a> in <module>()
3 s2 = {}
4
----> 5 s_1 = s1 - s2
6 print(s_1)
7
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'dict' and 'dict'. . .
# frozenset :冰冻集合 - 冰冻集合就是不可进行任何修改的集合 - frozenset 是一种特殊集合In [45]:
# 创建s = frozenset()print(type(s))print(s)<class 'frozenset'>
frozenset(). . .
# dict 字典- 字典是一种组合数据,没有顺序的组合数据,建议键值对形式出现In [56]:
# 字典的创建# 创建空字典d = {}print(d)# 创建空字典2d = dict()print(d)# 创建有值的字典,每一组数据用冒号隔开,每一对键值用逗号隔开d = {"one":1, "tow":2,"whree":3}print(d)# 用 dict 创建有内容的字典1d = dict({"one":1, "tow":2,"whree":3})print(d)# 用 dict 创建有内容的字典2# 利用关键字参数d = dict(one=1, tow=2,whree=3)print(d)d = dict ([("tow",2),("three",3),("five",5)])print(d){}
{}
{'one': 1, 'tow': 2, 'whree': 3}
{'one': 1, 'tow': 2, 'whree': 3}
{'one': 1, 'tow': 2, 'whree': 3}
{'tow': 2, 'three': 3, 'five': 5}. . .
任何值
xxxxxxxxxx# 字典的特征- 字典是序列类型,但是是无序序列,所以没有分片和索引- 字典中的数据每个都是键值对组成,即 k T 对 - key :必须是可哈希的值,比如 int, string, float, tple,但是 list, set, dict 不可以 - value: 任何值Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
xxxxxxxxxx# 字典常见操作Type Markdown and LaTeX: α2α2
In [59]:
d
xxxxxxxxxx# 访问数据d = {"one":1,"tow":2,"three":3}# 注意访问格式# 中括号内是键值print(d["one"])d["one"] = "eins"print(d)# 删除某个操作# 使用 del 操作del d["one"]print(d)1
{'one': 'eins', 'tow': 2, 'three': 3}
{'tow': 2, 'three': 3}. . .
In [62]:
# 成员检测,检测的是key 内容
# 成员检测, in, not in# 成员检测,检测的是key 内容d = {"one":1,"tow":2,"three":3}if 2 in d: print("value")if "tow" in d: print("key")if ("tow",2) in d: print("kv")key. . .
In [66]:
注意以下特殊用法
# 便利在 python2 和python3 中区别较大,代码不通用# 按 key 来使用 for 循环d = {"one":1,"tow":2,"three":3}# 使用 for 循环,直接按 key 值访问for k in d: print(k, d[k])# 上述代码可以改写成如下代码for k in d.keys(): print(k, d[k])# 只访问字典的值for v in d.values(): print(v)# 注意以下特殊用法for k,v in d: print(k,"--",v)one 1
tow 2
three 3
one 1
tow 2
three 3
1
2
3. . .
xxxxxxxxxx# 字典生成式In [71]:
d = {"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}
xd = {"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}# 常规字典生成式dd = {k:v for k,v in d.items()}print(dd)# 加限制条件的字典生成式dd = {k:v for k,v in d.items() if v % 2 ==0}print(dd){'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}
{'two': 2}. . .
# 字典相关函数In [73]:
d = {"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}
x# 通用函数:len, max, min, dict# *str (字典):返回字典的字符串格式d = {"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}print(str(d)){'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3}. . .
In [75]:
it
# clear: 清空字典# items:返回字典的键值对 组成的元祖格式d = {"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}i = d.items()print(type(i))print(i)<class 'dict_items'>
dict_items([('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3)]). . .
In [77]:
k = d.keys() print(type(k)) print(k)
x# keys : 返回字典的键值组成的一个结构k = d.keys()print(type(k))print(k)<class 'dict_keys'>
dict_keys(['one', 'two', 'three']). . .
In [78]:
values
# values: 同理 ,返回一个可迭代的结构k = d.values()print(type(k))print(k)<class 'dict_values'>
dict_values([1, 2, 3]). . .
In [80]:
,300
x# get : 根据指定键返回相应的值,好处式,可以设默认值d = {"one":1,"two":2,"three":3}print(d.get("on333"))# get 默认值是 None,可以设置print(d.get("one",200))print(d.get("on333",300))# 体会以下代码跟上面的代码的区别print(d["on333"])None
1
300---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-80-d0b504524683> in <module>()
7 print(d.get("on333",300))
8 # 体会以下代码跟上面的代码的区别
----> 9 print(d["on333"])
KeyError: 'on333'. . .
In [81]:
d
xxxxxxxxxx# fromkeys:使用指定的序列作为键,使用一个值作为字典的所有的键的值l = ["eins","zwei","drei"]# 注意 fromkeys 两个参数的类型# 注意 fromkeys 的调用主体d = dict.fromkeys(l,"heheheh")print(d){'eins': 'heheheh', 'zwei': 'heheheh', 'drei': 'heheheh'}