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5 分钟掌握 openpyxl 操作：Python 轻松处理 Excel

Python编程与实战

发布于 2021-07-29 03:41:25

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来源：python中文社区

各种数据需要导入Excel？多个Excel要合并？目前，Python处理Excel文件有很多库，openpyxl算是其中功能和性能做的比较好的一个。接下来我将为大家介绍各种Excel操作。

打开Excel文件

新建一个Excel文件

    >>> from openpyxl import Workbook
    >>> wb = Workbook()

打开现有Excel文件

    >>> from openpyxl import load_workbook
    >>> wb2 = load_workbook('test.xlsx')

打开大文件时，根据需求使用只读或只写模式减少内存消耗。

wb = load_workbook(filename='large_file.xlsx', read_only=True)

wb = Workbook(write_only=True)

获取、创建工作表

获取当前活动工作表：

    >>> ws = wb.active

创建新的工作表：

    >>> ws1 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet") # insert at the end (default)
    # or
    >>> ws2 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", 0) # insert at first position
    # or
    >>> ws3 = wb.create_sheet("Mysheet", -1) # insert at the penultimate position

使用工作表名字获取工作表：

    >>> ws3 = wb["New Title"]

获取所有的工作表名称：

    >>> print(wb.sheetnames)
    ['Sheet2', 'New Title', 'Sheet1']
使用for循环遍历所有的工作表：

    >>> for sheet in wb:
    ...     print(sheet.title)

保存

保存到流中在网络中使用：

    >>> from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
    >>> from openpyxl import Workbook
    >>> wb = Workbook()
    >>> with NamedTemporaryFile() as tmp:
            wb.save(tmp.name)
            tmp.seek(0)
            stream = tmp.read()
保存到文件：

    >>> wb = Workbook()
    >>> wb.save('balances.xlsx')
保存为模板：

    >>> wb = load_workbook('document.xlsx')
    >>> wb.template = True
    >>> wb.save('document_template.xltx')

单元格

单元格位置作为工作表的键直接读取：

    >>> c = ws['A4']

为单元格赋值：

    >>> ws['A4'] = 4
    >>> c.value = 'hello, world'

多个单元格可以使用切片访问单元格区域：

    >>> cell_range = ws['A1':'C2']

使用数值格式：

    >>> # set date using a Python datetime
    >>> ws['A1'] = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 21)
    >>>
    >>> ws['A1'].number_format
    'yyyy-mm-dd h:mm:ss'

使用公式：

    >>> # add a simple formula
    >>> ws["A1"] = "=SUM(1, 1)"

合并单元格时，除左上角单元格外，所有单元格都将从工作表中删除：

    >>> ws.merge_cells('A2:D2')
    >>> ws.unmerge_cells('A2:D2')
    >>>
    >>> # or equivalently
    >>> ws.merge_cells(start_row=2, start_column=1, end_row=4, end_column=4)
    >>> ws.unmerge_cells(start_row=2, start_column=1, end_row=4, end_column=4)

行、列

可以单独指定行、列、或者行列的范围：

    >>> colC = ws['C']
    >>> col_range = ws['C:D']
    >>> row10 = ws[10]
    >>> row_range = ws[5:10]

可以使用Worksheet.iter_rows()方法遍历行：

    >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
    ...    for cell in row:
    ...        print(cell)
    <Cell Sheet1.A1>
    <Cell Sheet1.B1>
    <Cell Sheet1.C1>
    <Cell Sheet1.A2>
    <Cell Sheet1.B2>
    <Cell Sheet1.C2>

同样的Worksheet.iter_cols()方法将遍历列：

    >>> for col in ws.iter_cols(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2):
    ...     for cell in col:
    ...         print(cell)
    <Cell Sheet1.A1>
    <Cell Sheet1.A2>
    <Cell Sheet1.B1>
    <Cell Sheet1.B2>
    <Cell Sheet1.C1>
    <Cell Sheet1.C2>

遍历文件的所有行或列，可以使用Worksheet.rows属性：

    >>> ws = wb.active
    >>> ws['C9'] = 'hello world'
    >>> tuple(ws.rows)
    ((<Cell Sheet.A1>, <Cell Sheet.B1>, <Cell Sheet.C1>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A2>, <Cell Sheet.B2>, <Cell Sheet.C2>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A3>, <Cell Sheet.B3>, <Cell Sheet.C3>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A4>, <Cell Sheet.B4>, <Cell Sheet.C4>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A5>, <Cell Sheet.B5>, <Cell Sheet.C5>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A6>, <Cell Sheet.B6>, <Cell Sheet.C6>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A7>, <Cell Sheet.B7>, <Cell Sheet.C7>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A8>, <Cell Sheet.B8>, <Cell Sheet.C8>),
    (<Cell Sheet.A9>, <Cell Sheet.B9>, <Cell Sheet.C9>))

或Worksheet.columns属性：

    >>> tuple(ws.columns)
    ((<Cell Sheet.A1>,
    <Cell Sheet.A2>,
    <Cell Sheet.A3>,
    <Cell Sheet.A4>,
    <Cell Sheet.A5>,
    <Cell Sheet.A6>,
    ...
    <Cell Sheet.B7>,
    <Cell Sheet.B8>,
    <Cell Sheet.B9>),
    (<Cell Sheet.C1>,
    <Cell Sheet.C2>,
    <Cell Sheet.C3>,
    <Cell Sheet.C4>,
    <Cell Sheet.C5>,
    <Cell Sheet.C6>,
    <Cell Sheet.C7>,
    <Cell Sheet.C8>,
    <Cell Sheet.C9>))

使用Worksheet.append()或者迭代使用Worksheet.cell()新增一行数据：

    >>> for row in range(1, 40):
    ...     ws1.append(range(600))

    >>> for row in range(10, 20):
    ...     for col in range(27, 54):
    ...         _ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=row, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))

插入操作比较麻烦。可以使用Worksheet.insert_rows()插入一行或几行：

     >>> from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter
     >>> ws.insert_rows(7) 
     >>> row7 = ws[7]
     >>> for col in range(27, 54):
    ...         _ = ws3.cell(column=col, row=7, value="{0}".format(get_column_letter(col)))

Worksheet.insert_cols()操作类似。Worksheet.delete_rows()和Worksheet.delete_cols()用来批量删除行和列。

只读取值

使用Worksheet.values属性遍历工作表中的所有行，但只返回单元格值：

    for row in ws.values:
       for value in row:
         print(value)

Worksheet.iter_rows()和Worksheet.iter_cols()可以设置values_only参数来仅返回单元格的值：

    >>> for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_col=3, max_row=2, values_only=True):
    ...   print(row)
    (None, None, None)
    (None, None, None)