Handler的初级、中级、高级问法，你都掌握了吗？

A Handler allows you to send and process Message and Runnable objects associated with a thread's MessageQueue. Each Handler instance is associated with a single thread and that thread's message queue. When you create a new Handler it is bound to a Looper. It will deliver messages and runnables to that Looper's message queue and execute them on that Looper's thread.

//ActivityThread.java
public static void main(String[] args) {
    ···
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();
        ···
    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
    thread.attach(false, startSeq);

    if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
        sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
    }

    if (false) {
        Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
    }

    // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
    Looper.loop();

    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}

//Looper.java  
/**
* Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
* application's main looper. The main looper for your application
* is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
* to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}
*/
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
     prepare(false);
     synchronized (Looper.class) {
         if (sMainLooper != null) {
             throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
         }
         sMainLooper = myLooper();
     }
}
//prepare
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

//Looper.java
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
    mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
    mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}

//ActivityThread.java
final H mH = new H(); 
@UnsupportedAppUsage
    final Handler getHandler() {
    return mH;
}

//ActivityThread.java
class H extends Handler {
    ···

    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
        if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, ">>> handling: " + codeToString(msg.what));
        switch (msg.what) {
            case BIND_APPLICATION:
                Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "bindApplication");
                AppBindData data = (AppBindData)msg.obj;
                handleBindApplication(data);
                Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                break;
            case EXIT_APPLICATION:
                if (mInitialApplication != null) {
                    mInitialApplication.onTerminate();
                }
                Looper.myLooper().quit();
                break;
            case RECEIVER:
                Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "broadcastReceiveComp");
                handleReceiver((ReceiverData)msg.obj);
                Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                break;
            case CREATE_SERVICE:
                Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, ("serviceCreate: " + String.valueOf(msg.obj)));
                handleCreateService((CreateServiceData)msg.obj);
                Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                break;
            case BIND_SERVICE:
                Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceBind");
                handleBindService((BindServiceData)msg.obj);
                Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                break;
            case UNBIND_SERVICE:
                Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceUnbind");
                handleUnbindService((BindServiceData)msg.obj);
                schedulePurgeIdler();
                Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                break;
            case SERVICE_ARGS:
                Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, ("serviceStart: " + String.valueOf(msg.obj)));
                handleServiceArgs((ServiceArgsData)msg.obj);
                Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                break;
            case STOP_SERVICE:
                Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "serviceStop");
                handleStopService((IBinder)msg.obj);
                schedulePurgeIdler();
                Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
                break;
            ···
            case APPLICATION_INFO_CHANGED:
                mUpdatingSystemConfig = true;
                try {
                    handleApplicationInfoChanged((ApplicationInfo) msg.obj);
                } finally {
                    mUpdatingSystemConfig = false;
                }
                break;
            case RUN_ISOLATED_ENTRY_POINT:
                handleRunIsolatedEntryPoint((String) ((SomeArgs) msg.obj).arg1,
                        (String[]) ((SomeArgs) msg.obj).arg2);
                break;
            case EXECUTE_TRANSACTION:
                final ClientTransaction transaction = (ClientTransaction) msg.obj;
                mTransactionExecutor.execute(transaction);
                if (isSystem()) {
                    // Client transactions inside system process are recycled on the client side
                    // instead of ClientLifecycleManager to avoid being cleared before this
                    // message is handled.
                    transaction.recycle();
                }
                // TODO(lifecycler): Recycle locally scheduled transactions.
                break;
            case RELAUNCH_ACTIVITY:
                handleRelaunchActivityLocally((IBinder) msg.obj);
                break;
            case PURGE_RESOURCES:
                schedulePurgeIdler();
                break;
        }
        Object obj = msg.obj;
        if (obj instanceof SomeArgs) {
            ((SomeArgs) obj).recycle();
        }
        if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) Slog.v(TAG, "<<< done: " + codeToString(msg.what));
    }
}

//Looper.java
public static void loop() {
    //获取ThreadLocal中的Looper
    final Looper me = myLooper();
        ···
    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    ···
    for (;;) { //死循环
        //获取消息
        Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
        if (msg == null) {
            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
            return;
        }
                ···
        msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                ···
        //回收复用  
        msg.recycleUnchecked();
    }
}

@Override
    protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_three);
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                new Handler().post(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        Toast.makeText(HandlerActivity.this,"toast",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                    }
                });
            }
        }).start();

    }

    --------- beginning of crash
2020-11-09 15:51:03.938 21122-21181/com.jackie.testdialog E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: Thread-2
    Process: com.jackie.testdialog, PID: 21122
    java.lang.RuntimeException: Can't create handler inside thread Thread[Thread-2,5,main] that has not called Looper.prepare()
        at android.os.Handler.<init>(Handler.java:207)
        at android.os.Handler.<init>(Handler.java:119)
        at com.jackie.testdialog.HandlerActivity$1.run(HandlerActivity.java:31)
        at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:919)

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_three);
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                //创建Looper，MessageQueue
                Looper.prepare();
                new Handler().post(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        Toast.makeText(HandlerActivity.this,"toast",Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                    }
                });
                //开始处理消息
                Looper.loop();
            }
        }).start();
    }

void checkThread() {
    if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) {
        throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException(
                "Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.");
    }
}

//Toast.java
public void handleShow(IBinder windowToken) {
        ···
    if (mView != mNextView) {
        // Since the notification manager service cancels the token right
        // after it notifies us to cancel the toast there is an inherent
        // race and we may attempt to add a window after the token has been
        // invalidated. Let us hedge against that.
        try {
            mWM.addView(mView, mParams); //进行ViewRootImpl的创建
            trySendAccessibilityEvent();
        } catch (WindowManager.BadTokenException e) {
            /* ignore */
        }
    }
}

//WindowManagerGlobal.java
root = new ViewRootImpl(view.getContext(), display); //创建ViewRootImpl

    view.setLayoutParams(wparams);

    mViews.add(view);
    mRoots.add(root);
    mParams.add(wparams);

    // do this last because it fires off messages to start doing things
    try {
        //ViewRootImpl
        root.setView(view, wparams, panelParentView);
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
        // BadTokenException or InvalidDisplayException, clean up.
        if (index >= 0) {
            removeViewLocked(index, true);
        }
        throw e;
    }
}

@Override
public void requestLayout() {
    if (!mHandlingLayoutInLayoutRequest) {
        checkThread();
        mLayoutRequested = true;
        scheduleTraversals();
    }
}

//子线程中调用    
public void showDialog(){
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                //创建Looper，MessageQueue
                Looper.prepare();
                new Handler().post(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(HandlerActivity.this);
                        builder.setTitle("jackie");
                        alertDialog = builder.create();
                        alertDialog.show();
                        alertDialog.hide();
                    }
                });
                //开始处理消息
                Looper.loop();
            }
        }).start();
    }

2020-11-09 18:35:39.874 24819-24819/com.jackie.testdialog E/AndroidRuntime: FATAL EXCEPTION: main
    Process: com.jackie.testdialog, PID: 24819
    android.view.ViewRootImpl$CalledFromWrongThreadException: Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.
        at android.view.ViewRootImpl.checkThread(ViewRootImpl.java:8191)
        at android.view.ViewRootImpl.requestLayout(ViewRootImpl.java:1420)
        at android.view.View.requestLayout(View.java:24454)
        at android.view.View.setFlags(View.java:15187)
        at android.view.View.setVisibility(View.java:10836)
        at android.app.Dialog.show(Dialog.java:307)
        at com.jackie.testdialog.HandlerActivity$2.onClick(HandlerActivity.java:41)
        at android.view.View.performClick(View.java:7125)
        at android.view.View.performClickInternal(View.java:7102)

StrictMode.ThreadPolicy policy = new StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitNetwork().build();
StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy);

//ActivityThread.java
case EXIT_APPLICATION:
    if (mInitialApplication != null) {
        mInitialApplication.onTerminate();
    }
    Looper.myLooper().quit();
    break;

 Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Main thread not allowed to quit.
    at android.os.MessageQueue.quit(MessageQueue.java:428)
    at android.os.Looper.quit(Looper.java:354)
    at com.jackie.testdialog.Test2Activity.onCreate(Test2Activity.java:29)
    at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7802)
    at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7791)
    at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1299)
    at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3245)
    at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3409) 
    at android.app.servertransaction.LaunchActivityItem.execute(LaunchActivityItem.java:83) 
    at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.executeCallbacks(TransactionExecutor.java:135) 
    at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.execute(TransactionExecutor.java:95) 
    at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2016) 
    at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:107) 
    at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:214) 
    at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7356) 
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method) 
    at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:492) 
    at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:930) 

msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

    public void dispatchMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            //如果 callback 处理了该 msg 并且返回 true， 就不会再回调 handleMessage
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

//Handler.java
public final boolean post(@NonNull Runnable r) {
   return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}

private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

class Thread {
  //内部持有ThreadLocalMap
  ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap 
    threadLocals;
}
class ThreadLocal<T>{
  public T get() {
    //首先获取线程持有的
    //ThreadLocalMap
    ThreadLocalMap map =
      Thread.currentThread()
        .threadLocals;
    //在ThreadLocalMap中
    //查找变量
    Entry e = 
      map.getEntry(this);
    return e.value;  
  }
  static class ThreadLocalMap{
    //内部是数组而不是Map
    Entry[] table;
    //根据ThreadLocal查找Entry
    Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal key){
      //省略查找逻辑
    }
    //Entry定义
    static class Entry extends
    WeakReference<ThreadLocal>{
      Object value;
    }
  }
}

ExecutorService es;
ThreadLocal tl;
es.execute(()->{
  //ThreadLocal增加变量
  tl.set(obj);
  try {
    // 省略业务逻辑代码
  }finally {
    //手动清理ThreadLocal 
    tl.remove();
  }
});

//ViewRootImpl.java
//view是DecorView
public void setView(View view, WindowManager.LayoutParams attrs, View panelParentView) {
    synchronized (this) {
        if (mView == null) {
            mView = view;
                        ···
            // Schedule the first layout -before- adding to the window
            // manager, to make sure we do the relayout before receiving
            // any other events from the system.
            requestLayout(); //发起布局请求
                        ···
            view.assignParent(this); //将当前ViewRootImpl对象this作为参数调用了DecorView的                   assignParent
            ···
        }
    }
}

//View.java
/*
 * Caller is responsible for calling requestLayout if necessary.
 * (This allows addViewInLayout to not request a new layout.)
 */
@UnsupportedAppUsage
void assignParent(ViewParent parent) {
    if (mParent == null) {
        mParent = parent;
    } else if (parent == null) {
        mParent = null;
    } else {
        throw new RuntimeException("view " + this + " being added, but"
                + " it already has a parent");
    }
}

@Override
public void requestLayout() {
    if (!mHandlingLayoutInLayoutRequest) {
        checkThread();
        mLayoutRequested = true;
        scheduleTraversals();
    }
}

public class FPSFrameCallback implements Choreographer.FrameCallback {
    private static final String TAG = "FPS_TEST";
    private long mLastFrameTimeNanos;
    private long mFrameIntervalNanos;

    public FPSFrameCallback(long lastFrameTimeNanos) {
        mLastFrameTimeNanos = lastFrameTimeNanos;
        //每一帧渲染时间 多少纳秒
        mFrameIntervalNanos = (long) (1000000000 / 60.0);
    }

    @Override
    public void doFrame(long frameTimeNanos) { //Vsync信号到来的时间frameTimeNanos
        //初始化时间
        if (mLastFrameTimeNanos == 0) {
            //上一帧的渲染时间
            mLastFrameTimeNanos = frameTimeNanos;
        }
        final long jitterNanos = frameTimeNanos - mLastFrameTimeNanos;
        if (jitterNanos >= mFrameIntervalNanos) {
            final long skippedFrames = jitterNanos / mFrameIntervalNanos;
            if (skippedFrames > 5) {
                Log.d(TAG, "Skipped " + skippedFrames + " frames!  "
                    + "The application may be doing too much work on its main thread.");
            }
        }
        mLastFrameTimeNanos = frameTimeNanos;
        //注册下一帧回调
        Choreographer.getInstance().postFrameCallback(this);
    }
}

Choreographer.getInstance().postFrameCallback(FPSFrameCallback(System.nanoTime()))

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
    if (msg.target == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
    }
    if (msg.isInUse()) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
    }
        //加锁保证安全
    synchronized (this) {
        ···
    }    
}

public final boolean runWithScissors(@NonNull Runnable r, long timeout) {
    if (r == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("runnable must not be null");
    }
    if (timeout < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout must be non-negative");
    }

    if (Looper.myLooper() == mLooper) {
        r.run();
        return true;
    }

    BlockingRunnable br = new BlockingRunnable(r);
    return br.postAndWait(this, timeout);
}

public Looper getLooper() {
        if (!isAlive()) {
            return null;
        }
        
        // If the thread has been started, wait until the looper has been created.
        synchronized (this) {
            while (isAlive() && mLooper == null) {
                try {
                    wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                }
            }
        }
        return mLooper;
    }

public abstract class IntentService extends Service {
    private volatile Looper mServiceLooper;
    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    private volatile ServiceHandler mServiceHandler;

private RequestManagerFragment getRequestManagerFragment(
    @NonNull final android.app.FragmentManager fm,
    @Nullable android.app.Fragment parentHint,
    boolean isParentVisible) {
  //1.通过FragmentManager获取 RequestManagerFragment，如果已添加到FragmentManager则返回实例，否则为空
  RequestManagerFragment current = (RequestManagerFragment) fm.findFragmentByTag(FRAGMENT_TAG);
  if (current == null) {
    //2.如果fm里面没有则从map缓存里取
    current = pendingRequestManagerFragments.get(fm);
    if (current == null) {
      //3.第1和2步都没有，说明确实没创建，则走创建的流程
      current = new RequestManagerFragment();
      current.setParentFragmentHint(parentHint);
      if (isParentVisible) {
        current.getGlideLifecycle().onStart();
      }
      //4.将新创建的fragment 保存到map容器
      pendingRequestManagerFragments.put(fm, current);
      //5.发送添加fragment事务事件
      fm.beginTransaction().add(current, FRAGMENT_TAG).commitAllowingStateLoss();
      //6.发送remove 本地缓存事件
      handler.obtainMessage(ID_REMOVE_FRAGMENT_MANAGER, fm).sendToTarget();
    }
  }
  return current;
}

//跟上面那个方法唯一的区别是 这个是Fragment 的FragmentManager，上面的是Acitivity 的FragmentManager
private SupportRequestManagerFragment getSupportRequestManagerFragment(
    @NonNull final FragmentManager fm, @Nullable Fragment parentHint, boolean isParentVisible) {
  SupportRequestManagerFragment current =
      (SupportRequestManagerFragment) fm.findFragmentByTag(FRAGMENT_TAG);
  if (current == null) {
    current = pendingSupportRequestManagerFragments.get(fm);
    if (current == null) {
      current = new SupportRequestManagerFragment();
      current.setParentFragmentHint(parentHint);
      if (isParentVisible) {
        current.getGlideLifecycle().onStart();
      }
      pendingSupportRequestManagerFragments.put(fm, current);
      fm.beginTransaction().add(current, FRAGMENT_TAG).commitAllowingStateLoss();
      handler.obtainMessage(ID_REMOVE_SUPPORT_FRAGMENT_MANAGER, fm).sendToTarget();
    }
  }
  return current;
}

@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message message) {
  boolean handled = true;
  Object removed = null;
  Object key = null;
  switch (message.what) {
    case ID_REMOVE_FRAGMENT_MANAGER:
      //7.移除缓存
      android.app.FragmentManager fm = (android.app.FragmentManager) message.obj;
      key = fm;
      removed = pendingRequestManagerFragments.remove(fm);
      break;
        //省略代码...
  }
  //省略代码...
  return handled;
}

//FragmentManagerImpl.java
void scheduleCommit() {
    synchronized (this) {
        boolean postponeReady =
                mPostponedTransactions != null && !mPostponedTransactions.isEmpty();
        boolean pendingReady = mPendingActions != null && mPendingActions.size() == 1;
        if (postponeReady || pendingReady) {
            mHost.getHandler().removeCallbacks(mExecCommit);
            mHost.getHandler().post(mExecCommit);
            updateOnBackPressedCallbackEnabled();
        }
    }
}