文章/答案/技术大牛

发布

社区首页 >专栏 >彻底搞懂 Kubernetes 中的 Events

彻底搞懂 Kubernetes 中的 Events

Jintao Zhang

发布于 2022-01-04 05:11:43

1.9K06

代码可运行

文章被收录于专栏：MoeLoveMoeLove

运行总次数：6

代码可运行

大家好，我是张晋涛。

之前我写了一篇《更优雅的 Kubernetes 集群事件度量方案》，利用 Jaeger 利用 tracing 的方式来采集 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 并进行展示。最终效果如下：

写那篇文章的时候，立了个 flag 要详细介绍下其中的原理，鸽了很久，现在年底了，也该发出来了。

Eents 概览

我们先来做个简单的示例，来看看 Kubernetes 集群中的 events 是什么。

创建一个新的名叫 moelove 的 namespace ，然后在其中创建一个叫做 redis 的 deployment。接下来查看这个 namespace 中的所有 events。

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl create ns moelove
namespace/moelove created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove create deployment redis --image=ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine 
deployment.apps/redis created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get deploy
NAME    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
redis   1/1     1            1           11s
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events
LAST SEEN   TYPE     REASON              OBJECT                        MESSAGE
21s         Normal   Scheduled           pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
21s         Normal   Pulling             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
15s         Normal   Pulled              pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
14s         Normal   Created             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Created container redis
14s         Normal   Started             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Started container redis
22s         Normal   SuccessfulCreate    replicaset/redis-687967dbc5   Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
22s         Normal   ScalingReplicaSet   deployment/redis              Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1

但是我们会发现默认情况下 kubectl get events 并没有按照 events 发生的顺序进行排列，所以我们往往需要为其增加 --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}' 参数来让其输出可以按时间进行排列。

这也是为何 Kubernetes v1.23 版本中会新增 kubectl alpha events 命令的原因。我在之前的文章《K8S 生态周报| Kubernetes v1.23.0 正式发布，新特性一览》中已进行了详细的介绍，这里就不展开了。

按时间排序后可以看到如下结果：

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}'
LAST SEEN   TYPE     REASON              OBJECT                        MESSAGE
2m12s       Normal   Scheduled           pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
2m13s       Normal   SuccessfulCreate    replicaset/redis-687967dbc5   Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
2m13s       Normal   ScalingReplicaSet   deployment/redis              Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1
2m12s       Normal   Pulling             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
2m6s        Normal   Pulled              pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
2m5s        Normal   Created             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Created container redis
2m5s        Normal   Started             pod/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr    Started container redis

通过以上的操作，我们可以发现 events 实际上是 Kubernetes 集群中的一种资源。当 Kubernetes 集群中资源状态发生变化时，可以产生新的 events。

深入 Events

单个 Event 对象

既然 events 是 Kubernetes 集群中的一种资源，正常情况下它的 metadata.name 中应该包含其名称，用于进行单独操作。所以我们可以使用如下命令输出其 name ：

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}' -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\n"}{end}'
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2
redis-687967dbc5.16c4fb7bde6b54c4
redis.16c4fb7bde1bf769
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bf8a0ab35
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d8ecaeff8
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d99709da9
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7d9be30c06

选择其中的任意一条 event 记录，将其输出为 YAML 格式进行查看：

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2 -o yaml
action: Binding
apiVersion: v1
eventTime: "2021-12-28T19:31:13.702987Z"
firstTimestamp: null
involvedObject:
  apiVersion: v1
  kind: Pod
  name: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330230"
  uid: 71b97182-5593-47b2-88cc-b3f59618c7aa
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: null
message: Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
  name: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr.16c4fb7bde8c69d2
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330235"
  uid: e5c03126-33b9-4559-9585-5e82adcd96b0
reason: Scheduled
reportingComponent: default-scheduler
reportingInstance: default-scheduler-kind-control-plane
source: {}
type: Normal

可以看到其中包含了很多信息, 这里我们先不展开。我们看另一个例子。

`kubectl describe` 中的 Events

我们可以分别对 Deployment 对象和 Pod 对象执行 describe 的操作，可以得到如下结果（省略掉了中间输出）：

对 Deployment 操作

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe deploy/redis                
Name:                   redis
Namespace:              moelove
...
Events:
  Type    Reason             Age   From                   Message
  ----    ------             ----  ----                   -------
  Normal  ScalingReplicaSet  15m   deployment-controller  Scaled up replica set redis-687967dbc5 to 1

对 Pod 操作

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe pods redis-687967dbc5-27vmr
Name:         redis-687967dbc5-27vmr                                                                 
Namespace:    moelove
Priority:     0
Events:
  Type    Reason     Age   From               Message
  ----    ------     ----  ----               -------
  Normal  Scheduled  18m   default-scheduler  Successfully assigned moelove/redis-687967dbc5-27vmr to kind-worker3
  Normal  Pulling    18m   kubelet            Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine"
  Normal  Pulled     17m   kubelet            Successfully pulled image "ghcr.io/moelove/redis:alpine" in 6.814310968s
  Normal  Created    17m   kubelet            Created container redis
  Normal  Started    17m   kubelet            Started container redis

我们可以发现对不同的资源对象进行 describe 的时候，能看到的 events 内容都是与自己有直接关联的。在 describe Deployment 的时候，看不到 Pod 相关的 Events 。

这说明， Event 对象中是包含它所描述的资源对象的信息的，它们是有直接联系的。

结合前面我们看到的单个 Event 对象，我们发现 involvedObject 字段中内容就是与该 Event 相关联的资源对象的信息。

更进一步了解 Events

我们来看看如下的示例，创建一个 Deployment ，但是使用一个不存在的镜像：

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove create deployment non-exist --image=ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist
deployment.apps/non-exist created
(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get pods
NAME                        READY   STATUS         RESTARTS   AGE
non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd   0/1     ErrImagePull   0          11s
redis-687967dbc5-27vmr      1/1     Running        0          26m

我们可以看到当前的 Pod 处于一个 ErrImagePull 的状态。查看当前 namespace 中的 events (我省略掉了之前 deploy/redis 的记录)

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events --sort-by='{.metadata.creationTimestamp}'                                                           
LAST SEEN   TYPE      REASON              OBJECT                           MESSAGE
35s         Normal    SuccessfulCreate    replicaset/non-exist-d9ddbdd84   Created pod: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
35s         Normal    ScalingReplicaSet   deployment/non-exist             Scaled up replica set non-exist-d9ddbdd84 to 1
35s         Normal    Scheduled           pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Successfully assigned moelove/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd to kind-worker3
17s         Warning   Failed              pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Error: ErrImagePull
17s         Warning   Failed              pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Failed to pull image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to resolve reference "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to authorize: failed to fetch anonymous token: unexpected status: 403 Forbidden
18s         Normal    Pulling             pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
4s          Warning   Failed              pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Error: ImagePullBackOff
4s          Normal    BackOff             pod/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd    Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"

对这个 Pod 执行 describe 操作：

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove describe pods non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
...
Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                    From               Message
  ----     ------     ----                   ----               -------
  Normal   Scheduled  4m                     default-scheduler  Successfully assigned moelove/non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd to kind-worker3
  Normal   Pulling    2m22s (x4 over 3m59s)  kubelet            Pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
  Warning  Failed     2m21s (x4 over 3m59s)  kubelet            Failed to pull image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to resolve reference "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist:latest": failed to authorize: failed to fetch anonymous token: unexpected status: 403 Forbidden
  Warning  Failed     2m21s (x4 over 3m59s)  kubelet            Error: ErrImagePull
  Warning  Failed     2m9s (x6 over 3m58s)   kubelet            Error: ImagePullBackOff
  Normal   BackOff    115s (x7 over 3m58s)   kubelet            Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"

我们可以发现，这里的输出和之前正确运行 Pod 的不一样。最主要的区别在于 Age 列。这里我们看到了类似 115s (x7 over 3m58s) 这样的输出。

它的含义表示：该类型的 event 在 3m58s 中已经发生了 7 次，最近的一次发生在 115s 之前

但是当我们去直接 kubectl get events 的时候，我们并没有看到有 7 次重复的 event 。这说明 Kubernetes 会自动将重复的 events 进行合并。

选择最后一条 Events (方法前面内容已经讲了) 并将其内容使用 YAML 格式进行输出：

(MoeLove) ➜ kubectl -n moelove get events non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd.16c4fce570cfba46 -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
count: 43
eventTime: null
firstTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:57:06Z"
involvedObject:
  apiVersion: v1
  fieldPath: spec.containers{non-exist}
  kind: Pod
  name: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "333366"
  uid: 33045163-146e-4282-b559-fec19a189a10
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: "2021-12-28T18:07:14Z"
message: Back-off pulling image "ghcr.io/moelove/non-exist"
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:57:06Z"
  name: non-exist-d9ddbdd84-tnrhd.16c4fce570cfba46
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "334638"
  uid: 60708be0-23b9-481b-a290-dd208fed6d47
reason: BackOff
reportingComponent: ""
reportingInstance: ""
source:
  component: kubelet
  host: kind-worker3
type: Normal

这里我们可以看到其字段中包括一个 count 字段，表示同类 event 发生了多少次。以及 firstTimestamp 和 lastTimestamp 分别表示了这个 event 首次出现了最近一次出现的时间。这样也就解释了前面的输出中 events 持续的周期了。

彻底搞懂 Events

以下内容是从 Events 中随便选择的一条，我们可以看到它包含的一些字段信息：

apiVersion: v1
count: 1
eventTime: null
firstTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
involvedObject:
  apiVersion: apps/v1
  kind: ReplicaSet
  name: redis-687967dbc5
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330227"
  uid: 11e98a9d-9062-4ccb-92cb-f51cc74d4c1d
kind: Event
lastTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
message: 'Created pod: redis-687967dbc5-27vmr'
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-12-28T19:31:13Z"
  name: redis-687967dbc5.16c4fb7bde6b54c4
  namespace: moelove
  resourceVersion: "330231"
  uid: 8e37ec1e-b3a1-420c-96d4-3b3b2995c300
reason: SuccessfulCreate
reportingComponent: ""
reportingInstance: ""
source:
  component: replicaset-controller
type: Normal

其中主要字段的含义如下：

count: 表示当前同类的事件发生了多少次（前面已经介绍）
involvedObject: 与此 event 有直接关联的资源对象（前面已经介绍） , 结构如下：

type ObjectReference struct {
 Kind string
 Namespace string
 Name string
 UID types.UID
 APIVersion string
 ResourceVersion string
 FieldPath string
}

source: 直接关联的组件, 结构如下：

type EventSource struct {
 Component string
 Host string
}

reason: 简单的总结（或者一个固定的代码），比较适合用于做筛选条件，主要是为了让机器可读，当前有超过 50 种这样的代码；
message: 给一个更易让人读懂的详细说明
type: 当前只有 Normal 和 Warning 两种类型, 源码中也分别写了其含义：

// staging/src/k8s.io/api/core/v1/types.go
const (
 // Information only and will not cause any problems
 EventTypeNormal string = "Normal"
 // These events are to warn that something might go wrong
 EventTypeWarning string = "Warning"
)