Continuation - 连接异步任务和同步代码

func beginOperation(completion: (OperationResult) -> Void)

func operation() async -> OperationResult {
  // 挂起当前任务，并把它的 continuation 传给 closure，该 closure 会直接执行
  return await withUnsafeContinuation { continuation in
    // 调用同步基于回调的 API(the synchronous callback-based API)
    beginOperation(completion: { result in
      // 当执行回调时，恢复 continuation
      continuation.resume(returning: result)
    }) 
  }
}

struct UnsafeContinuation<T, E: Error> {
  func resume(returning: T)
  func resume(throwing: E)
  func resume(with result: Result<T, E>)
}

extension UnsafeContinuation where T == Void {
  func resume() { resume(returning: ()) }
}

extension UnsafeContinuation where E == Error {
  // Allow covariant use of a `Result` with a stricter error type than
  // the continuation:
  func resume<ResultError: Error>(with result: Result<T, ResultError>)
}

func withUnsafeContinuation<T>(
    _ operation: (UnsafeContinuation<T, Never>) -> ()
) async -> T

func withUnsafeThrowingContinuation<T>(
    _ operation: (UnsafeContinuation<T, Error>) throws -> ()
) async throws -> T

func buyVegetables(
  shoppingList: [String],
  // a) if all veggies were in store, this is invoked *exactly-once*
  onGotAllVegetables: ([Vegetable]) -> (),

  // b) if not all veggies were in store, invoked one by one *one or more times*
  onGotVegetable: (Vegetable) -> (),
  // b) if at least one onGotVegetable was called *exactly-once*
  //    this is invoked once no more veggies will be emitted
  onNoMoreVegetables: () -> (),
  
  // c) if no veggies _at all_ were available, this is invoked *exactly once*
  onNoVegetablesInStore: (Error) -> ()
)
// returns 1 or more vegetables or throws an error
func buyVegetables(shoppingList: [String]) async throws -> [Vegetable] {
  try await withUnsafeThrowingContinuation { continuation in
    var veggies: [Vegetable] = []

    buyVegetables(
      shoppingList: shoppingList,
      onGotAllVegetables: { veggies in continuation.resume(returning: veggies) },
      onGotVegetable: { v in veggies.append(v) },
      onNoMoreVegetables: { continuation.resume(returning: veggies) },
      onNoVegetablesInStore: { error in continuation.resume(throwing: error) },
    )
  }
}

let veggies = try await buyVegetables(shoppingList: ["onion", "bell pepper"])

struct CheckedContinuation<T, E: Error> {
  func resume(returning: T)
  func resume(throwing: E)
  func resume(with result: Result<T, E>)
}

extension CheckedContinuation where T == Void {
  func resume()
}

extension CheckedContinuation where E == Error {
  // Allow covariant use of a `Result` with a stricter error type than
  // the continuation:
  func resume<ResultError: Error>(with result: Result<T, ResultError>)
}

func withCheckedContinuation<T>(
    _ operation: (CheckedContinuation<T, Never>) -> ()
) async -> T

func withCheckedThrowingContinuation<T>(
  _ operation: (CheckedContinuation<T, Error>) throws -> ()
) async throws -> T

// returns 1 or more vegetables or throws an error
func buyVegetables(shoppingList: [String]) async throws -> [Vegetable] {
  try await withCheckedThrowingContinuation { continuation in
    var veggies: [Vegetable] = []

    buyVegetables(
      shoppingList: shoppingList,
      onGotAllVegetables: { veggies in continuation.resume(returning: veggies) },
      onGotVegetable: { v in veggies.append(v) },
      onNoMoreVegetables: { continuation.resume(returning: veggies) },
      onNoVegetablesInStore: { error in continuation.resume(throwing: error) },
    )
  }
}

class MyOperation: Operation {
  let continuation: UnsafeContinuation<OperationResult, Never>
  var result: OperationResult?

  init(continuation: UnsafeContinuation<OperationResult, Never>) {
    self.continuation = continuation
  }

  /* rest of operation populates `result`... */

  override func finish() {
    continuation.resume(returning: result!)
  }
}

func doOperation() async -> OperationResult {
  return await withUnsafeContinuation { continuation in
    MyOperation(continuation: continuation).start()
  }
}

func download(url: URL) async throws -> Data? {
  var urlSessionTask: URLSessionTask?

  return try Task.withCancellationHandler {
    urlSessionTask?.cancel()
  } operation: {
    let result: Data? = try await withUnsafeThrowingContinuation { continuation in
      urlSessionTask = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { data, _, error in
        if case (let cancelled as NSURLErrorCancelled)? = error {
          continuation.resume(returning: nil)
        } else if let error = error {
          continuation.resume(throwing: error)
        } else {
          continuation.resume(returning: data)
        }
      }
      urlSessionTask?.resume()
    }
    if let result = result {
      return result
    } else {
      Task.cancel()
      return nil
    }
  }
}

func fetch(items: Int) async throws -> [Items] {
  let worker = ... 
  return try Task.withCancellationHandler(
    handler: { worker?.cancel() }
  ) { 
    return try await withUnsafeThrowingContinuation { c in 
      worker.work(
        onNext: { value in c.resume(returning: value) },
        onCancelled: { value in c.resume(throwing: CancellationError()) },
      )
    } 
  }
}

let callbackResult: Result? = await withUnsafeContinuation { c in
  someCallbackBasedAPI(
    completion: { c.resume($0) },
    cancellation: { c.resume(nil) })
}

if let result = callbackResult {
  process(result)
} else {
  cancel()
}

// Given an API that takes a queue and completion handler:
func doThingAsynchronously(queue: DispatchQueue, completion: (ResultType) -> Void)

// We could wrap it in a Swift async function like:
func doThing() async -> ResultType {
  await withUnsafeContinuationAndCurrentDispatchQueue { c, queue in
    // Schedule to resume on the right queue, if we know it
    doThingAsynchronously(queue: queue) {
      c.unsafeResumeImmediately(returning: $0)
    }
  }
}