Kubernetes Controller 实现机制深度解析

赵化冰

发布于 2023-03-14 09:29:13

2.4K0

发布于 2023-03-14 09:29:13

Kubernetes(简称K8s) 是一套容器编排和管理系统，可以帮助我们部署、扩展和管理容器化应用程序。在 K8s 中，Controller 是一个重要的组件，它可以根据我们的期望状态和实际状态来进行调谐，以确保我们的应用程序始终处于所需的状态。本文将解析 K8s Controller 的实现机制，并介绍如何编写一个 Controller。。

Controller 原理

在 K8s 中，用户通过声明式 API 定义资源的“预期状态”，Controller 则负责监视资源的实际状态，当资源的实际状态和“预期状态”不一致时，Controller 则对系统进行必要的更改，以确保两者一致，这个过程被称之为调谐（Reconcile）。

例如下图中，用户定义了一个 Deployment 资源，其中指定了运行的容器镜像，副本数等信息。Deployment Controller 会根据该定义在 K8s 节点上创建对应的 Pod，并对这些 Pod 进行持续监控。如果某个 Pod 异常退出了，Deployment Controller 会重新创建一个 Pod，以保证系统的实际状态和用户定义的“预期状态”（8个副本）一致。

K8s Controller 的控制循环

K8s 中有多种类型的 Controller，例如 Deployment Controller、ReplicaSet Controller 和 StatefulSet Controller等。每个控制器都有不同的工作原理和适用场景，但它们的基本原理都是相同的。我们也可以根据需要编写 Controller 来实现自定义的业务逻辑。

有时候 Controller 也被叫做 Operator。这两个术语的混用有时让人感到迷惑。Controller 是一个通用的术语，凡是遵循 “Watch K8s 资源并根据资源变化进行调谐” 模式的控制程序都可以叫做 Controller。而 Operator 是一种专用的 Controller，用于在 Kubernetes 中管理一些复杂的，有状态的应用程序。例如在 Kubernetes 中管理 MySQL 数据库的 MySQL Operator。

K8s HTTP API 的 List Watch 机制

前面我们讲到 Controller 需要监控 K8s 中资源的状态，这是如何实现的呢？

K8s API Server 提供了获取某类资源集合的 HTTP API，此类 API 被称为 List 接口。例如下面的 URL 可以列出 default namespace 下面的 pod。

HTTP GET api/v1/namespaces/default/pods

在该 URL 后面加上参数 ?watch=true，则 API Server 会对 default namespace 下面的 pod 的状态进行持续监控，并在 pod 状态发生变化时通过 chunked Response (HTTP 1.1) 或者 Server Push（HTTP2）通知到客户端。K8s 称此机制为 watch1。

HTTP GET api/v1/namespaces/default/pods?watch=true

K8s HTTP API 的 Watch 机制

通过使用 curl 命令向 K8s API Server 发起 HTTP GET 请求，我们可以很直观地查看 K8s 的 List 和 Watch 接口的返回数据。

首先通过 kubectl proxy 启动 API Server 的代理服务器。

kubectl proxy --port 8080

通过 curl 来 List pod 资源。

curl http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods

在该命令的输出中，我们可以看到 HTTP Response 是一个 json 格式的数据结构，里面列出来目前 default namespace 中的所有 pod。在返回数据结构中有一个 resourceVersion 字段，该字段的值是此次 List 操作得到的资源的版本号。我们在 watch 请求中可以带上该版本号作为参数，API Server 会 watch 将该版本之后的资源变化并通知客户端。

{
  "kind": "PodList",
  "apiVersion": "v1",
  "metadata": {
    "resourceVersion": "770715" //资源版本号
  },
  "items": [
    {
      "metadata": {
        "name": "foo",
        "namespace": "default",
        "uid": "d6adfe72-4e90-4b6e-bf14-b6192acb5d07",
        "resourceVersion": "762448",
        "creationTimestamp": "2023-03-10T16:16:02Z",
        "annotations": {…},
        "managedFields": […]
      },
      "spec": {…},
      "status": {…}
    },
	{
      "metadata": {
        "name": "bar",
        "namespace": "default",
        "uid": "bac55478-ad8d-49a6-bab2-23bfdc788736",
        "resourceVersion": "762904",
        "creationTimestamp": "2023-03-10T16:19:17Z",
        "annotations": {…},
        "managedFields": […]
      },
      "spec": {…},
      "status": {…}
    }
  ]
}

在请求中加上 watch 参数，并带上前面 List 返回的版本号，以 watch pod 资源的变化。

curl http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods?watch=true&resourceVersion=770715

在另一个终端中创建一个名为 test 的 pod，然后将其删除，可以看到下面的输出：

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{"type":"ADDED","object":{"kind":"Pod","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{"name":"network-tool","namespace":"default","uid":"548a29a9-9359-4858-8a18-48633d29d394","resourceVersion":"744186","creationTimestamp":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","annotations":{"kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":"{\"apiVersion\":\"v1\",\"kind\":\"Pod\",\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{\"sidecar.istio.io/inject\":\"false\"},\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"namespace\":\"default\"},\"spec\":{\"containers\":[{\"image\":\"zhaohuabing/network-tool\",\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"securityContext\":{\"capabilities\":{\"add\":[\"NET_ADMIN\"]}}}]}}\n","sidecar.istio.io/inject":"false"},"managedFields":[{"manager":"kubectl-client-side-apply","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:metadata":{"f:annotations":{".":{},"f:kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":{},"f:sidecar.istio.io/inject":{}}},"f:spec":{"f:containers":{"k:{\"name\":\"network-tool\"}":{".":{},"f:image":{},"f:imagePullPolicy":{},"f:name":{},"f:resources":{},"f:securityContext":{".":{},"f:capabilities":{".":{},"f:add":{}}},"f:terminationMessagePath":{},"f:terminationMessagePolicy":{}}},"f:dnsPolicy":{},"f:enableServiceLinks":{},"f:restartPolicy":{},"f:schedulerName":{},"f:securityContext":{},"f:terminationGracePeriodSeconds":{}}}},{"manager":"kubelet","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:status":{"f:conditions":{"k:{\"type\":\"ContainersReady\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Initialized\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Ready\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}}},"f:containerStatuses":{},"f:hostIP":{},"f:phase":{},"f:podIP":{},"f:podIPs":{".":{},"k:{\"ip\":\"10.244.0.8\"}":{".":{},"f:ip":{}}},"f:startTime":{}}}}]},"spec":{"volumes":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","projected":{"sources":[{"serviceAccountToken":{"expirationSeconds":3607,"path":"token"}},{"configMap":{"name":"kube-root-ca.crt","items":[{"key":"ca.crt","path":"ca.crt"}]}},{"downwardAPI":{"items":[{"path":"namespace","fieldRef":{"apiVersion":"v1","fieldPath":"metadata.namespace"}}]}}],"defaultMode":420}}],"containers":[{"name":"network-tool","image":"zhaohuabing/network-tool","resources":{},"volumeMounts":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","readOnly":true,"mountPath":"/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount"}],"terminationMessagePath":"/dev/termination-log","terminationMessagePolicy":"File","imagePullPolicy":"Always","securityContext":{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"]}}}],"restartPolicy":"Always","terminationGracePeriodSeconds":30,"dnsPolicy":"ClusterFirst","serviceAccountName":"default","serviceAccount":"default","nodeName":"aeraki-control-plane","securityContext":{},"schedulerName":"default-scheduler","tolerations":[{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/not-ready","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300},{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/unreachable","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300}],"priority":0,"enableServiceLinks":true,"preemptionPolicy":"PreemptLowerPriority"},"status":{"phase":"Running","conditions":[{"type":"Initialized","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"},{"type":"Ready","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z"},{"type":"ContainersReady","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z"},{"type":"PodScheduled","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"}],"hostIP":"172.20.0.2","podIP":"10.244.0.8","podIPs":[{"ip":"10.244.0.8"}],"startTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","containerStatuses":[{"name":"network-tool","state":{"running":{"startedAt":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z"}},"lastState":{"terminated":{"exitCode":255,"reason":"Unknown","startedAt":"2023-03-09T09:30:18Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T13:31:39Z","containerID":"containerd://b52804466bbe6ad9d233b8c080b8d33289c247dbcf1be4d2bd9c609099041a96"}},"ready":true,"restartCount":1,"image":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool:latest","imageID":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool@sha256:5843e4f12742f0e34932ba42205f177a62d930eadb419d99fa4881483ea46629","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e","started":true}],"qosClass":"BestEffort"}}}
{"type":"MODIFIED","object":{"kind":"Pod","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{"name":"network-tool","namespace":"default","uid":"548a29a9-9359-4858-8a18-48633d29d394","resourceVersion":"759935","creationTimestamp":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","deletionTimestamp":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","deletionGracePeriodSeconds":30,"annotations":{"kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":"{\"apiVersion\":\"v1\",\"kind\":\"Pod\",\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{\"sidecar.istio.io/inject\":\"false\"},\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"namespace\":\"default\"},\"spec\":{\"containers\":[{\"image\":\"zhaohuabing/network-tool\",\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"securityContext\":{\"capabilities\":{\"add\":[\"NET_ADMIN\"]}}}]}}\n","sidecar.istio.io/inject":"false"},"managedFields":[{"manager":"kubectl-client-side-apply","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:metadata":{"f:annotations":{".":{},"f:kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":{},"f:sidecar.istio.io/inject":{}}},"f:spec":{"f:containers":{"k:{\"name\":\"network-tool\"}":{".":{},"f:image":{},"f:imagePullPolicy":{},"f:name":{},"f:resources":{},"f:securityContext":{".":{},"f:capabilities":{".":{},"f:add":{}}},"f:terminationMessagePath":{},"f:terminationMessagePolicy":{}}},"f:dnsPolicy":{},"f:enableServiceLinks":{},"f:restartPolicy":{},"f:schedulerName":{},"f:securityContext":{},"f:terminationGracePeriodSeconds":{}}}},{"manager":"kubelet","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:status":{"f:conditions":{"k:{\"type\":\"ContainersReady\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Initialized\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Ready\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}}},"f:containerStatuses":{},"f:hostIP":{},"f:phase":{},"f:podIP":{},"f:podIPs":{".":{},"k:{\"ip\":\"10.244.0.8\"}":{".":{},"f:ip":{}}},"f:startTime":{}}}}]},"spec":{"volumes":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","projected":{"sources":[{"serviceAccountToken":{"expirationSeconds":3607,"path":"token"}},{"configMap":{"name":"kube-root-ca.crt","items":[{"key":"ca.crt","path":"ca.crt"}]}},{"downwardAPI":{"items":[{"path":"namespace","fieldRef":{"apiVersion":"v1","fieldPath":"metadata.namespace"}}]}}],"defaultMode":420}}],"containers":[{"name":"network-tool","image":"zhaohuabing/network-tool","resources":{},"volumeMounts":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","readOnly":true,"mountPath":"/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount"}],"terminationMessagePath":"/dev/termination-log","terminationMessagePolicy":"File","imagePullPolicy":"Always","securityContext":{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"]}}}],"restartPolicy":"Always","terminationGracePeriodSeconds":30,"dnsPolicy":"ClusterFirst","serviceAccountName":"default","serviceAccount":"default","nodeName":"aeraki-control-plane","securityContext":{},"schedulerName":"default-scheduler","tolerations":[{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/not-ready","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300},{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/unreachable","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300}],"priority":0,"enableServiceLinks":true,"preemptionPolicy":"PreemptLowerPriority"},"status":{"phase":"Running","conditions":[{"type":"Initialized","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"},{"type":"Ready","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z"},{"type":"ContainersReady","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z"},{"type":"PodScheduled","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"}],"hostIP":"172.20.0.2","podIP":"10.244.0.8","podIPs":[{"ip":"10.244.0.8"}],"startTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","containerStatuses":[{"name":"network-tool","state":{"running":{"startedAt":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z"}},"lastState":{"terminated":{"exitCode":255,"reason":"Unknown","startedAt":"2023-03-09T09:30:18Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T13:31:39Z","containerID":"containerd://b52804466bbe6ad9d233b8c080b8d33289c247dbcf1be4d2bd9c609099041a96"}},"ready":true,"restartCount":1,"image":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool:latest","imageID":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool@sha256:5843e4f12742f0e34932ba42205f177a62d930eadb419d99fa4881483ea46629","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e","started":true}],"qosClass":"BestEffort"}}}
/*
* 提示：该行代码过长，系统自动注释不进行高亮。一键复制会移除系统注释 
* {"type":"MODIFIED","object":{"kind":"Pod","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{"name":"network-tool","namespace":"default","uid":"548a29a9-9359-4858-8a18-48633d29d394","resourceVersion":"760008","creationTimestamp":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","deletionTimestamp":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","deletionGracePeriodSeconds":30,"annotations":{"kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":"{\"apiVersion\":\"v1\",\"kind\":\"Pod\",\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{\"sidecar.istio.io/inject\":\"false\"},\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"namespace\":\"default\"},\"spec\":{\"containers\":[{\"image\":\"zhaohuabing/network-tool\",\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"securityContext\":{\"capabilities\":{\"add\":[\"NET_ADMIN\"]}}}]}}\n","sidecar.istio.io/inject":"false"},"managedFields":[{"manager":"kubectl-client-side-apply","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:metadata":{"f:annotations":{".":{},"f:kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":{},"f:sidecar.istio.io/inject":{}}},"f:spec":{"f:containers":{"k:{\"name\":\"network-tool\"}":{".":{},"f:image":{},"f:imagePullPolicy":{},"f:name":{},"f:resources":{},"f:securityContext":{".":{},"f:capabilities":{".":{},"f:add":{}}},"f:terminationMessagePath":{},"f:terminationMessagePolicy":{}}},"f:dnsPolicy":{},"f:enableServiceLinks":{},"f:restartPolicy":{},"f:schedulerName":{},"f:securityContext":{},"f:terminationGracePeriodSeconds":{}}}},{"manager":"kubelet","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:status":{"f:conditions":{"k:{\"type\":\"ContainersReady\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:message":{},"f:reason":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Initialized\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Ready\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:message":{},"f:reason":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}}},"f:containerStatuses":{},"f:hostIP":{},"f:phase":{},"f:podIP":{},"f:podIPs":{".":{},"k:{\"ip\":\"10.244.0.8\"}":{".":{},"f:ip":{}}},"f:startTime":{}}}}]},"spec":{"volumes":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","projected":{"sources":[{"serviceAccountToken":{"expirationSeconds":3607,"path":"token"}},{"configMap":{"name":"kube-root-ca.crt","items":[{"key":"ca.crt","path":"ca.crt"}]}},{"downwardAPI":{"items":[{"path":"namespace","fieldRef":{"apiVersion":"v1","fieldPath":"metadata.namespace"}}]}}],"defaultMode":420}}],"containers":[{"name":"network-tool","image":"zhaohuabing/network-tool","resources":{},"volumeMounts":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","readOnly":true,"mountPath":"/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount"}],"terminationMessagePath":"/dev/termination-log","terminationMessagePolicy":"File","imagePullPolicy":"Always","securityContext":{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"]}}}],"restartPolicy":"Always","terminationGracePeriodSeconds":30,"dnsPolicy":"ClusterFirst","serviceAccountName":"default","serviceAccount":"default","nodeName":"aeraki-control-plane","securityContext":{},"schedulerName":"default-scheduler","tolerations":[{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/not-ready","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300},{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/unreachable","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300}],"priority":0,"enableServiceLinks":true,"preemptionPolicy":"PreemptLowerPriority"},"status":{"phase":"Running","conditions":[{"type":"Initialized","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"},{"type":"Ready","status":"False","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","reason":"ContainersNotReady","message":"containers with unready status: [network-tool]"},{"type":"ContainersReady","status":"False","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","reason":"ContainersNotReady","message":"containers with unready status: [network-tool]"},{"type":"PodScheduled","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"}],"hostIP":"172.20.0.2","podIP":"10.244.0.8","podIPs":[{"ip":"10.244.0.8"}],"startTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","containerStatuses":[{"name":"network-tool","state":{"terminated":{"exitCode":137,"reason":"Error","startedAt":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e"}},"lastState":{"terminated":{"exitCode":255,"reason":"Unknown","startedAt":"2023-03-09T09:30:18Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T13:31:39Z","containerID":"containerd://b52804466bbe6ad9d233b8c080b8d33289c247dbcf1be4d2bd9c609099041a96"}},"ready":false,"restartCount":1,"image":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool:latest","imageID":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool@sha256:5843e4f12742f0e34932ba42205f177a62d930eadb419d99fa4881483ea46629","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e","started":false}],"qosClass":"BestEffort"}}}
*/
/*
* 提示：该行代码过长，系统自动注释不进行高亮。一键复制会移除系统注释 
* {"type":"MODIFIED","object":{"kind":"Pod","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{"name":"network-tool","namespace":"default","uid":"548a29a9-9359-4858-8a18-48633d29d394","resourceVersion":"760031","creationTimestamp":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","deletionTimestamp":"2023-03-10T15:58:40Z","deletionGracePeriodSeconds":0,"annotations":{"kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":"{\"apiVersion\":\"v1\",\"kind\":\"Pod\",\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{\"sidecar.istio.io/inject\":\"false\"},\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"namespace\":\"default\"},\"spec\":{\"containers\":[{\"image\":\"zhaohuabing/network-tool\",\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"securityContext\":{\"capabilities\":{\"add\":[\"NET_ADMIN\"]}}}]}}\n","sidecar.istio.io/inject":"false"},"managedFields":[{"manager":"kubectl-client-side-apply","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:metadata":{"f:annotations":{".":{},"f:kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":{},"f:sidecar.istio.io/inject":{}}},"f:spec":{"f:containers":{"k:{\"name\":\"network-tool\"}":{".":{},"f:image":{},"f:imagePullPolicy":{},"f:name":{},"f:resources":{},"f:securityContext":{".":{},"f:capabilities":{".":{},"f:add":{}}},"f:terminationMessagePath":{},"f:terminationMessagePolicy":{}}},"f:dnsPolicy":{},"f:enableServiceLinks":{},"f:restartPolicy":{},"f:schedulerName":{},"f:securityContext":{},"f:terminationGracePeriodSeconds":{}}}},{"manager":"kubelet","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:status":{"f:conditions":{"k:{\"type\":\"ContainersReady\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:message":{},"f:reason":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Initialized\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Ready\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:message":{},"f:reason":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}}},"f:containerStatuses":{},"f:hostIP":{},"f:phase":{},"f:podIP":{},"f:podIPs":{".":{},"k:{\"ip\":\"10.244.0.8\"}":{".":{},"f:ip":{}}},"f:startTime":{}}}}]},"spec":{"volumes":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","projected":{"sources":[{"serviceAccountToken":{"expirationSeconds":3607,"path":"token"}},{"configMap":{"name":"kube-root-ca.crt","items":[{"key":"ca.crt","path":"ca.crt"}]}},{"downwardAPI":{"items":[{"path":"namespace","fieldRef":{"apiVersion":"v1","fieldPath":"metadata.namespace"}}]}}],"defaultMode":420}}],"containers":[{"name":"network-tool","image":"zhaohuabing/network-tool","resources":{},"volumeMounts":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","readOnly":true,"mountPath":"/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount"}],"terminationMessagePath":"/dev/termination-log","terminationMessagePolicy":"File","imagePullPolicy":"Always","securityContext":{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"]}}}],"restartPolicy":"Always","terminationGracePeriodSeconds":30,"dnsPolicy":"ClusterFirst","serviceAccountName":"default","serviceAccount":"default","nodeName":"aeraki-control-plane","securityContext":{},"schedulerName":"default-scheduler","tolerations":[{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/not-ready","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300},{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/unreachable","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300}],"priority":0,"enableServiceLinks":true,"preemptionPolicy":"PreemptLowerPriority"},"status":{"phase":"Running","conditions":[{"type":"Initialized","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"},{"type":"Ready","status":"False","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","reason":"ContainersNotReady","message":"containers with unready status: [network-tool]"},{"type":"ContainersReady","status":"False","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","reason":"ContainersNotReady","message":"containers with unready status: [network-tool]"},{"type":"PodScheduled","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"}],"hostIP":"172.20.0.2","podIP":"10.244.0.8","podIPs":[{"ip":"10.244.0.8"}],"startTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","containerStatuses":[{"name":"network-tool","state":{"terminated":{"exitCode":137,"reason":"Error","startedAt":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e"}},"lastState":{"terminated":{"exitCode":255,"reason":"Unknown","startedAt":"2023-03-09T09:30:18Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T13:31:39Z","containerID":"containerd://b52804466bbe6ad9d233b8c080b8d33289c247dbcf1be4d2bd9c609099041a96"}},"ready":false,"restartCount":1,"image":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool:latest","imageID":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool@sha256:5843e4f12742f0e34932ba42205f177a62d930eadb419d99fa4881483ea46629","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e","started":false}],"qosClass":"BestEffort"}}}
*/
/*
* 提示：该行代码过长，系统自动注释不进行高亮。一键复制会移除系统注释 
* {"type":"DELETED","object":{"kind":"Pod","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{"name":"network-tool","namespace":"default","uid":"548a29a9-9359-4858-8a18-48633d29d394","resourceVersion":"760032","creationTimestamp":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","deletionTimestamp":"2023-03-10T15:58:40Z","deletionGracePeriodSeconds":0,"annotations":{"kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":"{\"apiVersion\":\"v1\",\"kind\":\"Pod\",\"metadata\":{\"annotations\":{\"sidecar.istio.io/inject\":\"false\"},\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"namespace\":\"default\"},\"spec\":{\"containers\":[{\"image\":\"zhaohuabing/network-tool\",\"name\":\"network-tool\",\"securityContext\":{\"capabilities\":{\"add\":[\"NET_ADMIN\"]}}}]}}\n","sidecar.istio.io/inject":"false"},"managedFields":[{"manager":"kubectl-client-side-apply","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:metadata":{"f:annotations":{".":{},"f:kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration":{},"f:sidecar.istio.io/inject":{}}},"f:spec":{"f:containers":{"k:{\"name\":\"network-tool\"}":{".":{},"f:image":{},"f:imagePullPolicy":{},"f:name":{},"f:resources":{},"f:securityContext":{".":{},"f:capabilities":{".":{},"f:add":{}}},"f:terminationMessagePath":{},"f:terminationMessagePolicy":{}}},"f:dnsPolicy":{},"f:enableServiceLinks":{},"f:restartPolicy":{},"f:schedulerName":{},"f:securityContext":{},"f:terminationGracePeriodSeconds":{}}}},{"manager":"kubelet","operation":"Update","apiVersion":"v1","time":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","fieldsType":"FieldsV1","fieldsV1":{"f:status":{"f:conditions":{"k:{\"type\":\"ContainersReady\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:message":{},"f:reason":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Initialized\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}},"k:{\"type\":\"Ready\"}":{".":{},"f:lastProbeTime":{},"f:lastTransitionTime":{},"f:message":{},"f:reason":{},"f:status":{},"f:type":{}}},"f:containerStatuses":{},"f:hostIP":{},"f:phase":{},"f:podIP":{},"f:podIPs":{".":{},"k:{\"ip\":\"10.244.0.8\"}":{".":{},"f:ip":{}}},"f:startTime":{}}}}]},"spec":{"volumes":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","projected":{"sources":[{"serviceAccountToken":{"expirationSeconds":3607,"path":"token"}},{"configMap":{"name":"kube-root-ca.crt","items":[{"key":"ca.crt","path":"ca.crt"}]}},{"downwardAPI":{"items":[{"path":"namespace","fieldRef":{"apiVersion":"v1","fieldPath":"metadata.namespace"}}]}}],"defaultMode":420}}],"containers":[{"name":"network-tool","image":"zhaohuabing/network-tool","resources":{},"volumeMounts":[{"name":"kube-api-access-cwjmv","readOnly":true,"mountPath":"/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount"}],"terminationMessagePath":"/dev/termination-log","terminationMessagePolicy":"File","imagePullPolicy":"Always","securityContext":{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"]}}}],"restartPolicy":"Always","terminationGracePeriodSeconds":30,"dnsPolicy":"ClusterFirst","serviceAccountName":"default","serviceAccount":"default","nodeName":"aeraki-control-plane","securityContext":{},"schedulerName":"default-scheduler","tolerations":[{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/not-ready","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300},{"key":"node.kubernetes.io/unreachable","operator":"Exists","effect":"NoExecute","tolerationSeconds":300}],"priority":0,"enableServiceLinks":true,"preemptionPolicy":"PreemptLowerPriority"},"status":{"phase":"Running","conditions":[{"type":"Initialized","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"},{"type":"Ready","status":"False","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","reason":"ContainersNotReady","message":"containers with unready status: [network-tool]"},{"type":"ContainersReady","status":"False","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","reason":"ContainersNotReady","message":"containers with unready status: [network-tool]"},{"type":"PodScheduled","status":"True","lastProbeTime":null,"lastTransitionTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z"}],"hostIP":"172.20.0.2","podIP":"10.244.0.8","podIPs":[{"ip":"10.244.0.8"}],"startTime":"2023-03-09T09:30:14Z","containerStatuses":[{"name":"network-tool","state":{"terminated":{"exitCode":137,"reason":"Error","startedAt":"2023-03-10T13:36:56Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T15:59:10Z","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e"}},"lastState":{"terminated":{"exitCode":255,"reason":"Unknown","startedAt":"2023-03-09T09:30:18Z","finishedAt":"2023-03-10T13:31:39Z","containerID":"containerd://b52804466bbe6ad9d233b8c080b8d33289c247dbcf1be4d2bd9c609099041a96"}},"ready":false,"restartCount":1,"image":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool:latest","imageID":"docker.io/zhaohuabing/network-tool@sha256:5843e4f12742f0e34932ba42205f177a62d930eadb419d99fa4881483ea46629","containerID":"containerd://020d9b471682786883498e220bc48f932973f64fff6c5629559da3dca9d2358e","started":false}],"qosClass":"BestEffort"}}}
*/

从上面 HTTP Watch 返回的 Response 中，可以看到有三种类型的事件：ADDED，MODIFIED 和 DELETED。ADDED 表示创建了新的 Pod，Pod 的状态变化会产生 MODIFIED 类型的事件，DELETED 则表示 Pod 被删除。

利用 K8s 的 HTTP API，我们可以编写一个最简化版本的 “Controller”。例如下面的程序，该程序的实现逻辑和前面的 curl 请求是相同的，也是通过 HTTP GET 请求来 watch pod 资源。这个 “Controller” 只是用于展示 HTTP API 的 Watch 机制，其中并没有调谐的业务逻辑，只是将 HTTP Response 中收到的事件打印出来。

package main

import (
	"crypto/tls"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"time"
)

const token = "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6ImFRM2J0Z3NmUk1hR2VhV2VRbE5vbkVHbGRSMUIwdEdTU3ZPb21TSXEtMkUifQ.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJkZWZhdWx0Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9zZWNyZXQubmFtZSI6ImFwaS1leHBsb3Jlci10b2tlbi02enMycSIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50Lm5hbWUiOiJhcGktZXhwbG9yZXIiLCJrdWJlcm5ldGVzLmlvL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50L3NlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudC51aWQiOiJmNzMwNDZhYS1jYTcyLTQ0ZjAtODMzNy0zYzk4NWY1NjJkNmYiLCJzdWIiOiJzeXN0ZW06c2VydmljZWFjY291bnQ6ZGVmYXVsdDphcGktZXhwbG9yZXIifQ.ZK6O4ss4qn2qwvw315jjnyvva8EnUszfXDH6vpxa-R5nxbD3t1pDN5us0AYZEkLfTPgDYc9DsKFUmkWCum7AIpAqB79bM8p7NNNDiU5V-DphwT9BAAJqSG2UKhzHtxyY4rzwdKs5n2gVIWGYytmgUYffbkltAMWMJcT7sVUQRMDS3m4we_GS8MDl1mNLzghmPqfcBQKRKJNS0JCjLpdexYZaqw79e4HSa_sMh02P_azWiJWxhDvT-VZPJELmkiwpV6named87SMijBd6EIIu3IOFAa7mqCKzNtp8AJQSc-Ey53AkQlH_7BGRuyfNqx16lhE3ioBbk0NVQkKwVwONkw"
const apiServer = "https://127.0.0.1:55429"

type Pod struct {
	Metadata struct {
		Name              string    `json:"name"`
		Namespace         string    `json:"namespace"`
		CreationTimestamp time.Time `json:"creationTimestamp"`
	} `json:"metadata"`
}

type Event struct {
	EventType string `json:"type"`
	Object    Pod    `json:"object"`
}

func main() {
	// create an HTTP client with authorization token or certificate
	client := &http.Client{
		Transport: &http.Transport{
			TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
				InsecureSkipVerify: true, // only use this for testing purposes
			},
		},
	}
	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", apiServer+"/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods?watch=true",
		nil)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)

	// send the initial request to list all pods
	resp, err := client.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()

  var event Event
	decoder := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body)

    // read the response and parse event
	for {
		if err := decoder.Decode(&event); err != nil {
			panic(err)
		}
		fmt.Printf("%s Pod %s \n", event.EventType, event.Object.Metadata.Name)
	}
}

为了方便开发者使用，k8s 提供了对封装了 HTTP watch 机制的 go client。如果使用 k8s go client，几十行代码就可以实现一个简单的 Controller，如下所示：

// Example Kubernetes controller using Go and the Kubernetes API client libraries

package main

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/watch"
	"k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
)

func main() {
	// create a Kubernetes API client
	config, err := rest.InClusterConfig()
	if err != nil {
		panic(err.Error())
	}
	clientset, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(config)
	if err != nil {
		panic(err.Error())
	}

	// watch for changes to pods
	watcher, err := clientset.CoreV1().Pods("").Watch(context.Background(), metav1.ListOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		panic(err.Error())
	}

	// loop through events from the watcher
	for event := range watcher.ResultChan() {
		pod := event.Object.(*corev1.Pod)
		switch event.Type {
		case watch.Added:
			fmt.Printf("Pod %s added\n", pod.Name)
			// todo: reconcile logic goes here
		case watch.Modified:
			fmt.Printf("Pod %s modified\n", pod.Name)
			// todo: reconcile logic goes here
		case watch.Deleted:
			fmt.Printf("Pod %s deleted\n", pod.Name)
			// todo: reconcile logic goes here
		}
	}
}

Informer 机制

采用 k8s HTTP API 可以查询 K8s API 资源对象并 Watch 其变化，但大量的 HTTP 调用会对 API Server 造成较大的负荷，而且网络调用可能存在较大的延迟。除此之外，开发者还需要在程序中处理资源的缓存，HTTP 链接出问题后的重连等。为了解决这些问题并简化 Controller 的开发工作，K8s 在 client go 中提供了一个 informer 客户端库。

在 Kubernetes 中，Informer 是一个客户端库，用于监视 Kubernetes API 服务器中的资源并将它们的当前状态缓存到本地。Informer 提供了一种方法，让客户端应用程序可以高效地监视资源的更改，而无需不断地向 API 服务器发出请求。

相比直接采用 HTTP Watch，使用 Kubernetes Informer 有以下优势：

减少 API 服务器的负载：通过在本地缓存资源信息，Informer 减少了需要向 API 服务器发出的请求数量。这可以防止由于 API 服务器过载而影响整个集群的性能。
提高应用程序性能：使用缓存的数据，客户端应用程序可以快速访问资源信息，而无需等待 API 服务器响应。这可以提高应用程序性能并减少延迟。
简化代码：Informer 提供了一种更简单、更流畅的方式来监视 Kubernetes 中的资源更改。客户端应用程序可以使用现有的 Informer 库来处理这些任务，而无需编写复杂的代码来管理与 API 服务器的连接并处理更新。
更高的可靠性：由于 Informer 在本地缓存数据，因此即使 API 服务器不可用或存在问题，它们也可以继续工作。这可以确保客户端应用程序即使在底层 Kubernetes 基础结构出现问题时也能保持功能。

采用 Informer 库编写的 Controller 的架构如下图所示：

Kubernetes Informer 架构2

图中间的虚线将图分为上下两部分，其中上半部分是 Informer 库中的组件，下半部分则是使用 Informer 库编写的自定义 Controller 中的组件，这两部分一起组成了一个完整的 Controller。

采用 Informer 机制编写的 Controller 中的主要流程如下：

Reflector 采用 K8s HTTP API List/Watch API Server 中指定的资源。 Reflector 会先 List 资源，然后使用 List 接口返回的 resourceVersion 来 watch 后续的资源变化。对应的源码：Reflector ListAndWatch。
Reflector 将 List 得到的资源列表和后续的资源变化放到一个 FIFO（先进先出）队列中。对应的源码：
- 使用 List 的结果刷新 FIFO 队列
- 将 Watch 收到的事件加入到 FIFO 队列
Informer 在一个循环中从 FIFO 队列中拿出资源对象进行处理。对应源码：processLoop。
Informer 将从 FIFO 队列中拿出的资源对象放到 Indexer 中。对应的源码：processDeltas。 Indexer 是 Informer 中的一个本地缓存，该缓存提供了索引功能（这是该组件取名为 Indexer 的原因），允许基于特定条件（如标签、注释或字段选择器）快速有效地查找资源。此处代码中的 clientState 就是 Indexer，来自于NewIndexerInformer方法中构建的 Indexer，该 Indexer 作为 clientState 参数传递给了 newInformer 方法。
Indexer 将收到的资源对象放入其内部的缓存 ThreadSafeStore 中。
回调 Controller 的 ResourceEventHandler，将资源对象变化通知到应用逻辑。对应的源码：processDeltas。
在 ResourceEventHandler 对资源对象的变化进行处理。 ResourceEventHandler 处于用户的 Controller 代码中，k8s 推荐的编程范式是将收到的消息放入到一个队列中，然后在一个循环中处理该队列中的消息，执行调谐逻辑。推荐该模式的原因是采用队列可以解耦消息生产者（Informer）和消费者（Controller 调谐逻辑），避免消费者阻塞生产者。在用户代码中需要注意几点：
- 前面我们已经讲到，Reflector 会使用 List 的结果刷新 FIFO 队列，因此 ResourceEventHandler 收到的资源变化消息其实包含了 Informer 启动时获取的完整资源列表，Informer 会采用 ADDED 事件将列表的资源通知到用户 Controller。该机制屏蔽了 List 和 Watch 的细节，保证用户的 ResourceEventHandler 代码中会接收到 Controller 监控的资源的完整数据，包括启动 Controller 前已有的资源数据，以及之后的资源变化。
- ResourceEventHandler 中收到的消息中只有资源对象的 key，用户在 Controller 中可以使用该 key 为关键字，通过 Indexer 查询本地缓存中的完整资源对象。

下面是采用 Informer 机制来创建 Controller 的例子。该示例代码来自于 Kubernetes Client Go Repository，为方便阅读去掉了部分非关键代码。

该示例 Controller 监控了 default namespace 中的 Pod 资源，在 syncToStdout 方法中打印了 pod 名称。可以看到该 Controller 的代码结构和上图是一致的。除此之外，我们在编码时需要注意下面几点：

在启动 Controller 时需要调用 informer.Run(stopCh) 方法（参见 88 行）。该方法会调用 Reflector 的 ListAndWatch 方法。ListAndWatch 首先采用 HTTP List API 从 K8s API Server 获取当前的资源列表，然后调用 HTTP Watch API 对资源变化进行监控，并把 List 和 Watch 的收到的资源通过 ResourceEventHandlerFuncs 的 AddFunc UpdateFunc DeleteFunc 三个回调接口分发给 Controller。
在开始对队列中的资源事件进行处理之前，先调用 cache.WaitForCacheSync(stopCh, c.informer.HasSynced) （参见 91 行）。正如其方法名所示，该方法确保 Informer 的本地缓存已经和 K8s API Server 的资源数据进行了同步。当 Reflector 成功调用 ListAndWatch 方法从 K8s API Server 获取到需要监控的资源数据并保存到本地缓存后，会将 c.informer.HasSynced 设置为 true。在开始业务处理前调用该方法可以确保在本地缓存中的资源数据是和 K8s API Server 中的数据一致的。

  1package main
  2
  3import (
  4	"flag"
  5	"fmt"
  6	"time"
  7
  8	"k8s.io/klog/v2"
  9
 10	v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
 11	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/fields"
 12	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/runtime"
 13	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait"
 14	"k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
 15	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache"
 16	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd"
 17	"k8s.io/client-go/util/workqueue"
 18)
 19
 20// Controller demonstrates how to implement a controller with client-go.
 21type Controller struct {
 22	indexer  cache.Indexer
 23	queue    workqueue.RateLimitingInterface
 24	informer cache.Controller
 25}
 26
 27// NewController creates a new Controller.
 28func NewController(queue workqueue.RateLimitingInterface, indexer cache.Indexer, informer cache.Controller) *Controller {
 29	return &Controller{
 30		informer: informer,
 31		indexer:  indexer,
 32		queue:    queue,
 33	}
 34}
 35
 36func (c *Controller) processNextItem() bool {
 37	// Wait until there is a new item in the working queue
 38	key, quit := c.queue.Get()
 39	if quit {
 40		return false
 41	}
 42	// Tell the queue that we are done with processing this key. This unblocks the key for other workers
 43	// This allows safe parallel processing because two pods with the same key are never processed in
 44	// parallel.
 45	defer c.queue.Done(key)
 46
 47	// Invoke the method containing the business logic
 48	err := c.syncToStdout(key.(string))
 49	// Handle the error if something went wrong during the execution of the business logic
 50	c.handleErr(err, key)
 51	return true
 52}
 53
 54// syncToStdout is the business logic of the controller. In this controller it simply prints
 55// information about the pod to stdout. In case an error happened, it has to simply return the error.
 56// The retry logic should not be part of the business logic.
 57func (c *Controller) syncToStdout(key string) error {
 58	obj, exists, err := c.indexer.GetByKey(key)
 59	if err != nil {
 60		klog.Errorf("Fetching object with key %s from store failed with %v", key, err)
 61		return err
 62	}
 63
 64	if !exists {
 65		// Below we will warm up our cache with a Pod, so that we will see a delete for one pod
 66		fmt.Printf("Pod %s does not exist anymore\n", key)
 67	} else {
 68		// Note that you also have to check the uid if you have a local controlled resource, which
 69		// is dependent on the actual instance, to detect that a Pod was recreated with the same name
 70		fmt.Printf("Sync/Add/Update for Pod %s\n", obj.(*v1.Pod).GetName())
 71	}
 72	return nil
 73}
 74
 75// handleErr checks if an error happened and makes sure we will retry later.
 76func (c *Controller) handleErr(err error, key interface{}) {
 77	... 略
 78}
 79
 80// Run begins watching and syncing.
 81func (c *Controller) Run(workers int, stopCh chan struct{}) {
 82	defer runtime.HandleCrash()
 83
 84	// Let the workers stop when we are done
 85	defer c.queue.ShutDown()
 86	klog.Info("Starting Pod controller")
 87
 88	go c.informer.Run(stopCh)
 89
 90	// Wait for all involved caches to be synced, before processing items from the queue is started
 91	if !cache.WaitForCacheSync(stopCh, c.informer.HasSynced) {
 92		runtime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("Timed out waiting for caches to sync"))
 93		return
 94	}
 95
 96	for i := 0; i < workers; i++ {
 97		go wait.Until(c.runWorker, time.Second, stopCh)
 98	}
 99
100	<-stopCh
101	klog.Info("Stopping Pod controller")
102}
103
104func (c *Controller) runWorker() {
105	for c.processNextItem() {
106	}
107}
108
109func main() {
110	var kubeconfig string
111	var master string
112
113	flag.StringVar(&kubeconfig, "kubeconfig", "", "absolute path to the kubeconfig file")
114	flag.StringVar(&master, "master", "", "master url")
115	flag.Parse()
116
117	// creates the connection
118	config, err := clientcmd.BuildConfigFromFlags(master, kubeconfig)
119	if err != nil {
120		klog.Fatal(err)
121	}
122
123	// creates the clientset
124	clientset, err := kubernetes.NewForConfig(config)
125	if err != nil {
126		klog.Fatal(err)
127	}
128
129	// create the pod watcher
130	podListWatcher := cache.NewListWatchFromClient(clientset.CoreV1().RESTClient(), "pods", v1.NamespaceDefault, fields.Everything())
131
132	// create the workqueue
133	queue := workqueue.NewRateLimitingQueue(workqueue.DefaultControllerRateLimiter())
134
135	// Bind the workqueue to a cache with the help of an informer. This way we make sure that
136	// whenever the cache is updated, the pod key is added to the workqueue.
137	// Note that when we finally process the item from the workqueue, we might see a newer version
138	// of the Pod than the version which was responsible for triggering the update.
139	indexer, informer := cache.NewIndexerInformer(podListWatcher, &v1.Pod{}, 0, cache.ResourceEventHandlerFuncs{
140		AddFunc: func(obj interface{}) {
141			key, err := cache.MetaNamespaceKeyFunc(obj)
142			if err == nil {
143				queue.Add(key)
144			}
145		},
146		UpdateFunc: func(old interface{}, new interface{}) {
147			key, err := cache.MetaNamespaceKeyFunc(new)
148			if err == nil {
149				queue.Add(key)
150			}
151		},
152		DeleteFunc: func(obj interface{}) {
153			// IndexerInformer uses a delta queue, therefore for deletes we have to use this
154			// key function.
155			key, err := cache.DeletionHandlingMetaNamespaceKeyFunc(obj)
156			if err == nil {
157				queue.Add(key)
158			}
159		},
160	}, cache.Indexers{})
161
162	controller := NewController(queue, indexer, informer)
163
164	// Now let's start the controller
165	stop := make(chan struct{})
166	defer close(stop)
167	go controller.Run(1, stop)
168
169	// Wait forever
170	select {}
171}