【数据结构与算法】Backtracking Algorithm
1) 入门例子
public class Backtracking {
public static void main(String[] args) {
rec(1, new LinkedList<>());
}
static void rec(int n, LinkedList<String> list) {
if (n == 3) {
return;
}
System.out.println("before:" + list);
list.push("a");
rec(n + 1, list);
list.pop();
System.out.println("after:" + list);
}
}2) 全排列-Leetcode 46
public class PermuteLeetcode46 {
static List<List<Integer>> permute(int[] nums) {
boolean[] visited = new boolean[nums.length];
LinkedList<Integer> stack = new LinkedList<>();
List<List<Integer>> r = new ArrayList<>();
rec(nums, visited, stack, r);
return r;
}
static void rec(int[] nums, boolean[] visited, LinkedList<Integer> stack, List<List<Integer>> r) {
if (stack.size() == nums.length) {
r.add(new ArrayList<>(stack));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if(visited[i]){
continue;
}
stack.push(nums[i]);
visited[i] = true;
rec(nums, visited, stack, r);
stack.pop();
visited[i] = false;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<List<Integer>> permute = permute(new int[]{1, 2, 3});
for (List<Integer> s : permute) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}3) 全排列II-Leetcode 47
public class PermuteLeetcode47 {
static List<List<Integer>> permuteUnique(int[] nums) {
Arrays.sort(nums);
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
dfs(nums, new boolean[nums.length], new LinkedList<>(), result);
return result;
}
static void dfs(int[] nums, boolean[] visited, LinkedList<Integer> stack, List<List<Integer>> result) {
if (stack.size() == nums.length) {
result.add(new ArrayList<>(stack));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
if (i > 0 && nums[i] == nums[i - 1] && !visited[i-1]) { // 找出重复数字
continue;
}
if (!visited[i]) {
stack.push(nums[i]);
visited[i] = true;
dfs(nums, visited, stack, result);
visited[i] = false;
stack.pop();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] nums = {1, 1, 3};
List<List<Integer>> permute = permuteUnique(nums);
for (List<Integer> list : permute) {
System.out.println(list);
}
}
}- 排好序，这样重复的数字会相邻
- 定好规则：必须 1 固定之后才能固定 1’，即 1 的 visited = true 才能继续处理 1’
- 在遍历时，遇到了
nums[i] == nums[i - 1]（即 1 和 1‘ 这种情况），进一步检查 i-1 位置的数字有没有 visited，没有，则不处理（剪枝）
4) 组合-Leetcode 77
public class CombinationLeetcode77 {
static List<List<Integer>> combinationSum(int n, int k) {
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
dfs(n, k, 1, new LinkedList<>(), result);
return result;
}
static int count = 0;
static void dfs(int n, int k, int start, LinkedList<Integer> stack, List<List<Integer>> result) {
count++;
if (k == 0) {
result.add(new ArrayList<>(stack));
System.out.println(stack);
return;
}
// if (k > n - start + 1) { return; }
for (int i = start; i <= n; i++) {
// System.out.printf("k-1=%d n=%d i=%d %n", k - 1, n, i);
if (k > n - i + 1) {
continue;
}
stack.push(i);
dfs(n, k - 1, i + 1, stack, result);
stack.pop();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<List<Integer>> lists = combinationSum(5, 4);
// for (List<Integer> list : lists) {
// System.out.println(list);
// }
System.out.println(count);
}
}- k 代表剩余要组合的个数
n - i + 1代表剩余可用数字- 剪枝条件是：剩余可用数字要大于剩余组合数
- 为啥放在外面不行？即这行代码：
if (k > n - start + 1) { return; }- 因为它只考虑了 start 一种情况，而实际在循环内要处理的是 start，start+1 … n 这多种情况
似乎 ArrayList 作为 stack 性能高一些，见下面代码，但是这道题在 leetcode 上执行时间不稳定，相同代码都会有较大时间差异（15ms vs 9ms）
class Solution {
public List<List<Integer>> combine(int n, int k) {
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
if(k == 0 || n < k) return result;
dfs(n, k, 1, new ArrayList<>(), result);
return result;
}
static void dfs(int n, int k, int start, ArrayList<Integer> stack, List<List<Integer>> result) {
if (k == 0) {
result.add(new ArrayList<>(stack));
return;
}
for (int i = start; i <= n; i++) {
if (k-1 > n - i) {
continue;
}
stack.add(i);
dfs(n, k - 1, i + 1, stack, result);
stack.remove(stack.size()-1);
}
}
}5) 组合总和-Leetcode 39
public class CombinationLeetcode39 {
static List<List<Integer>> combinationSum(int[] candidates, int target) {
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
dfs(target, 0,candidates, new LinkedList<>(), result);
return result;
}
static void dfs(int target, int start, int[] candidates, LinkedList<Integer> stack, List<List<Integer>> result) {
if (target == 0) {
result.add(new ArrayList<>(stack));
return;
}
for (int i = start; i < candidates.length; i++) {
int candidate = candidates[i];
if (target < candidate) {
continue;
}
stack.push(candidate);
dfs(target - candidate, i, candidates, stack, result);
stack.pop();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<List<Integer>> lists = combinationSum(new int[]{6, 3, 2, 7}, 7);
for (List<Integer> list : lists) {
System.out.println(list);
}
}
}与之前的零钱兑换问题其实是一样的，只是
- 本题求的是：所有组合的具体信息
- 零钱兑换问题求的是：所有组合中数字最少的、所有组合个数…
6) 组合总和 II-Leetcode 40
public class CombinationLeetcode40 {
static List<List<Integer>> combinationSum2(int[] candidates, int target) {
Arrays.sort(candidates);
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
dfs(target, 0, candidates, new boolean[candidates.length], new LinkedList<>(), result);
return result;
}
static void dfs(int target, int start, int[] candidates, boolean[] visited, LinkedList<Integer> stack, List<List<Integer>> result) {
if (target == 0) {
result.add(new ArrayList<>(stack));
return;
}
for (int i = start; i < candidates.length; i++) {
int candidate = candidates[i];
if (target < candidate) {
continue;
}
if (i > 0 && candidate == candidates[i - 1] && !visited[i - 1]) {
continue;
}
visited[i] = true;
stack.push(candidate);
dfs(target - candidate, i + 1, candidates, visited, stack, result);
stack.pop();
visited[i] = false;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] candidates = {10, 1, 2, 7, 6, 1, 5};
List<List<Integer>> lists = combinationSum2(candidates, 8);
for (List<Integer> list : lists) {
System.out.println(list);
}
}
}7) 组合总和 III-Leetcode 216
public class CombinationLeetcode216 {
// 此 target 代表数字组合后的和
static List<List<Integer>> combinationSum3(int k, int target) {
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
dfs(1, target, k, new LinkedList<>(), result);
return result;
}
static int count = 0;
static void dfs(int start, int target, int k,
LinkedList<Integer> stack,
List<List<Integer>> result) {
// System.out.println(stack);
count++;
if (target == 0 && stack.size() == k) {
result.add(new ArrayList<>(stack));
return;
}
for (int i = start; i <= 9; i++) {
// 还差几个数字 剩余可用数字
/*if (k - stack.size() > 9 - i + 1) {
continue;
}*/
if(target < i){
continue;
}
if(stack.size() == k) {
continue;
}
stack.push(i);
dfs(i + 1, target - i, k, stack, result);
stack.pop();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// List<List<Integer>> lists = combinationSum3(3, 7);
List<List<Integer>> lists = combinationSum3(2, 18); // 9 8
for (List<Integer> list : lists) {
System.out.println(list);
}
System.out.println(count);
}
}这道题更类似于 77 题，区别在于
- 77 题的数字范围 n 更大 [1,20]，而本题数字范围限制为 [1,9]
- 本题不仅仅找到组合，还要让组合之和等于 target（类似于 39 题）
剪枝优化
- 如果剩余的和 target 还没 i 大，这时减完 i 是负数，肯定无法满足要求，因此有剪枝条件：
target < i
- 如果组合的数字个数已经到达了上限 k，还没有凑够 target，也没必要继续递归，因此有：
stack.size() == k
8) N 皇后 Leetcode 51
public class NQueenLeetcode51 {
static List<List<String>> solveNQueens(int n) {
List<List<String>> result = new ArrayList<>();
char[][] table = new char[n][n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
Arrays.fill(table[i], '.');
}
dfs(0, n, table, result);
return result;
}
static void dfs(int i, int n, char[][] table, List<List<String>> result) {
if (i == n) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (char[] chars : table) {
list.add(String.valueOf(chars));
}
result.add(list);
return;
}
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (notValid(table, i, j)) {
continue;
}
table[i][j] = 'Q';
dfs(i + 1, n, table, result);
table[i][j] = '.';
}
}
/*
. . . .
. . . .
. ? . .
. . . .
*/
static boolean notValid(char[][] table, int row, int col) {
int n = table.length;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (table[i][col] == 'Q') { // 上
return true;
}
}
for (int i = row - 1, j = col - 1; i >= 0 && j >= 0; i--, j--) {
if (table[i][j] == 'Q') {
return true;
}
}
for (int i = row - 1, j = col + 1; i >= 0 && j < n; i--, j++) {
if (table[i][j] == 'Q') {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 0;
for (List<String> table : solveNQueens(8)) {
for (String row : table) {
System.out.println(row);
}
count++;
System.out.println("--------------------- " + count);
}
}
}public class NQueenLeetcode51 {
static List<List<String>> solveNQueens(int n) {
List<List<String>> result = new ArrayList<>();
char[][] table = new char[n][n];
boolean[] va = new boolean[n];
boolean[] vb = new boolean[2 * n - 1];
boolean[] vc = new boolean[2 * n - 1];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
Arrays.fill(table[i], '.');
}
dfs(0, n, table, result, va, vb, vc);
return result;
}
static void dfs(int i, int n, char[][] table, List<List<String>> result, boolean[] va, boolean[] vb, boolean[] vc) {
if (i == n) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
for (char[] chars : table) {
list.add(String.valueOf(chars));
}
result.add(list);
return;
}
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (va[j] || vb[i + j] || vc[i - j + n - 1]) {
continue;
}
va[j] = true;
vb[i + j] = true;
vc[i - j + n - 1] = true;
table[i][j] = 'Q';
dfs(i + 1, n, table, result, va, vb, vc);
table[i][j] = '.';
va[j] = false;
vb[i + j] = false;
vc[i - j + n - 1] = false;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 0;
for (List<String> table : solveNQueens(4)) {
for (String row : table) {
System.out.println(row);
}
count++;
System.out.println("--------------------- " + count);
}
}
}9) 解数独-Leetcode37
public class SudokuLeetcode37 {
record Pair(int i, int j) {
}
static void solveSudoku(char[][] table) {
int n = 9;
boolean[][] va = new boolean[n][n];
boolean[][] vb = new boolean[n][n];
boolean[][][] vc = new boolean[3][3][n];
List<Pair> blanks = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (table[i][j] != '.') {
int x = table[i][j] - '0' - 1;
va[i][x] = true;
vb[j][x] = true;
vc[i / 3][j / 3][x] = true;
} else {
blanks.add(new Pair(i, j));
}
}
}
dfs(0, blanks, table, va, vb, vc);
}
static boolean dfs(int p, List<Pair> blanks, char[][] table, boolean[][] va, boolean[][] vb, boolean[][][] vc) {
if (p == blanks.size()) {
print(table);
return true;
}
int n = table.length;
for (int d = 0; d < n; d++) {
Pair pair = blanks.get(p);
if (va[pair.i][d] || vb[pair.j][d] || vc[pair.i / 3][pair.j / 3][d]) {
continue;
}
char ch = (char) (d + '0' + 1);
table[pair.i][pair.j] = ch;
va[pair.i][d] = true;
vb[pair.j][d] = true;
vc[pair.i / 3][pair.j / 3][d] = true;
boolean dfs = dfs(p + 1, blanks, table, va, vb, vc);
if (dfs) {
return true;
}
table[pair.i][pair.j] = '.';
va[pair.i][d] = false;
vb[pair.j][d] = false;
vc[pair.i / 3][pair.j / 3][d] = false;
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
char[][] table = {
{'5', '3', '.', '.', '7', '.', '.', '.', '.'},
{'6', '.', '.', '1', '9', '5', '.', '.', '.'},
{'.', '9', '8', '.', '.', '.', '.', '6', '.'},
{'8', '.', '.', '.', '6', '.', '.', '.', '3'},
{'4', '.', '.', '8', '.', '3', '.', '.', '1'},
{'7', '.', '.', '.', '2', '.', '.', '.', '6'},
{'.', '6', '.', '.', '.', '.', '2', '8', '.'},
{'.', '.', '.', '4', '1', '9', '.', '.', '5'},
{'.', '.', '.', '.', '8', '.', '.', '7', '9'}
};
solveSudoku(table);
print(table);
}
static char[][] solved = {
{'5', '3', '4', '6', '7', '8', '9', '1', '2'},
{'6', '7', '2', '1', '9', '5', '3', '4', '8'},
{'1', '9', '8', '3', '4', '2', '5', '6', '7'},
{'8', '5', '9', '7', '6', '1', '4', '2', '3'},
{'4', '2', '6', '8', '5', '3', '7', '9', '1'},
{'7', '1', '3', '9', '2', '4', '8', '5', '6'},
{'9', '6', '1', '5', '3', '7', '2', '8', '4'},
{'2', '8', '7', '4', '1', '9', '6', '3', '5'},
{'3', '4', '5', '2', '8', '6', '1', '7', '9'}
};
static void print(char[][] table) {
for (char[] chars : table) {
System.out.println(new String(chars));
}
System.out.println(Arrays.deepEquals(table, solved));
}
}public class SudokuLeetcode37 {
static void solveSudoku(char[][] table) {
int n = 9;
boolean[][] va = new boolean[n][n];
boolean[][] vb = new boolean[n][n];
boolean[][][] vc = new boolean[3][3][n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (table[i][j] != '.') {
int x = table[i][j] - '0' - 1;
va[i][x] = true;
vb[j][x] = true;
vc[i / 3][j / 3][x] = true;
}
}
}
dfs(table, va, vb, vc, 0, 0);
}
static boolean dfs(char[][] table, boolean[][] va, boolean[][] vb, boolean[][][] vc, int i, int j) {
while (table[i][j] != '.') {
if (++j >= 9) {
j = 0;
i++;
}
if (i >= 9) {
return true;
}
}
int n = table.length;
for (int d = 0; d < n; d++) {
if (va[i][d] || vb[j][d] || vc[i / 3][j / 3][d]) {
continue;
}
char ch = (char) (d + '0' + 1);
table[i][j] = ch;
va[i][d] = true;
vb[j][d] = true;
vc[i / 3][j / 3][d] = true;
boolean dfs = dfs(table, va, vb, vc, i, j);
if (dfs) {
return true;
}
table[i][j] = '.';
va[i][d] = false;
vb[j][d] = false;
vc[i / 3][j / 3][d] = false;
}
return false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
char[][] table = {
{'5', '3', '.', '.', '7', '.', '.', '.', '.'},
{'6', '.', '.', '1', '9', '5', '.', '.', '.'},
{'.', '9', '8', '.', '.', '.', '.', '6', '.'},
{'8', '.', '.', '.', '6', '.', '.', '.', '3'},
{'4', '.', '.', '8', '.', '3', '.', '.', '1'},
{'7', '.', '.', '.', '2', '.', '.', '.', '6'},
{'.', '6', '.', '.', '.', '.', '2', '8', '.'},
{'.', '.', '.', '4', '1', '9', '.', '.', '5'},
{'.', '.', '.', '.', '8', '.', '.', '7', '9'}
};
solveSudoku(table);
print(table);
}
static char[][] solved = {
{'5', '3', '4', '6', '7', '8', '9', '1', '2'},
{'6', '7', '2', '1', '9', '5', '3', '4', '8'},
{'1', '9', '8', '3', '4', '2', '5', '6', '7'},
{'8', '5', '9', '7', '6', '1', '4', '2', '3'},
{'4', '2', '6', '8', '5', '3', '7', '9', '1'},
{'7', '1', '3', '9', '2', '4', '8', '5', '6'},
{'9', '6', '1', '5', '3', '7', '2', '8', '4'},
{'2', '8', '7', '4', '1', '9', '6', '3', '5'},
{'3', '4', '5', '2', '8', '6', '1', '7', '9'}
};
static void print(char[][] table) {
for (char[] chars : table) {
System.out.println(new String(chars));
}
System.out.println(Arrays.deepEquals(table, solved));
}
}其它题目
题号 | 标题 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
Leetcode 1219 | 黄金矿工 | |
无 | 马踏棋盘（The Knight’s tour problem） | |
无 | Rat in a Maze | 与 Leetcode 62 不同路径区别在于，该题问的是有多少种走法，而本题只是找到其中一种走法实现 |
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原始发表：2024-10-09，如有侵权请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除
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