C/C++内存管理

int globalVar = 1;
static int staticGlobalVar = 1;
void Test()
{
	static int staticVar = 1;
	int localVar = 1;
	int num1[10] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
	char char2[] = "abcd";
	const char* pChar3 = "abcd";
	int* ptr1 = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * 4);
	int* ptr2 = (int*)calloc(4, sizeof(int));
	int* ptr3 = (int*)realloc(ptr2, sizeof(int) * 4);
	free(ptr1);
	free(ptr3);
}

void Test()
{
	// 1.malloc/calloc/realloc的区别是什么？
	int* p2 = (int*)calloc(4, sizeof(int));
	int* p3 = (int*)realloc(p2, sizeof(int) * 10);
	// 这里需要free(p2)吗？
	free(p3);
}

void Test()
{
	// 动态申请一个int类型的空间
	int* ptr4 = new int;
	// 动态申请一个int类型的空间并初始化为10
	int* ptr5 = new int(10);
	// 动态申请3个int类型的空间并初始化为1,2,3
	int* ptr6 = new int[3];
	delete ptr4;
	delete ptr5;
	delete[] ptr6;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A
{
public:
	A(int a1 = 0, int a2 = 0)
		:_a1(a1)
		, _a2(a2)
	{
		cout << "A(int a1 = 0, int a2 = 0)" << endl;
	}

	A(const A& aa)
		:_a1(aa._a1)
	{
		cout << "A(const A& aa)" << endl;
	}

	A& operator=(const A& aa)
	{
		cout << "A& operator=(const A& aa)" << endl;
		if (this != &aa)
		{
			_a1 = aa._a1;
		}
		return *this;
	}

	~A()
	{
		//delete _ptr;
		cout << "~A()" << endl;
	}

	void Print()
	{
		cout << "A::Print->" << _a1 << endl;
	}

	A& operator++()
	{
		_a1 += 100;

		return *this;
	}
private:
	int _a1 = 1;
	int _a2 = 1;
};

int main()
{
	//对于自定义类型，new能够调用构造初始化，malloc不会
	A* p1 = new A(1);
	A* p2 = new A(2,2);//传参构造

	A aa1(1, 1);
	A aa2(2, 2);
	A aa3(3, 3);

	A* p3 = new A[3]{aa1, aa2, aa3};

	A* p6 = new A[10];//会调用10次默认构造

	A* p4 = new A[3]{ A(1,1), A(2,2), A(3,3)};//匿名


	A* p5 = new A[3]{ {1,1}, {2,2}, {3,3} };//也可以直接写，进行隐私类型转换

	delete p1;
	delete p2;
	delete[] p3;
	delete[] p4;
	delete[] p6;
	delete[] p5;

	return 0;
}

/*
operator new：该函数实际通过malloc来申请空间，当malloc申请空间成功时直接返回；申请空间
失败，尝试执行空 间不足应对措施，如果改应对措施用户设置了，则继续申请，否
则抛异常。
*/
void* __CRTDECL operator new(size_t size) _THROW1(_STD bad_alloc)
{
	// try to allocate size bytes
	void* p;
	while ((p = malloc(size)) == 0)
		if (_callnewh(size) == 0)
		{
			// report no memory
			// 如果申请内存失败了，这里会抛出bad_alloc 类型异常
			static const std::bad_alloc nomem;
			_RAISE(nomem);
		}
	return (p);
}
/*
operator delete: 该函数最终是通过free来释放空间的
*/
void operator delete(void* pUserData)
{
	_CrtMemBlockHeader* pHead;
	RTCCALLBACK(_RTC_Free_hook, (pUserData, 0));
	if (pUserData == NULL)
		return;
	_mlock(_HEAP_LOCK); /* block other threads */
	__TRY
		/* get a pointer to memory block header */
		pHead = pHdr(pUserData);
	/* verify block type */
	_ASSERTE(_BLOCK_TYPE_IS_VALID(pHead->nBlockUse));
	_free_dbg(pUserData, pHead->nBlockUse);
	__FINALLY
		_munlock(_HEAP_LOCK); /* release other threads */
	__END_TRY_FINALLY
		return;
}
/*
free的实现
*/
#define free(p) _free_dbg(p, _NORMAL_BLOCK)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std:
class A
{
public:
	A(int a = 0)
		: _a(a)
	{
		cout << "A():" << this << endl;
	}
	~A()
	{
		cout << "~A():" << this << endl;
	}
private:
	int _a;
};
// 定位new/replacement new
int main()
{
	// p1现在指向的只不过是与A对象相同大小的一段空间，还不能算是一个对象，因为构造函数没有执行
	A* p1 = (A*)malloc(sizeof(A));
	new(p1)A; // 注意：如果A类的构造函数有参数时，此处需要传参
	p1->~A();
	free(p1);

	A* p2 = (A*)operator new(sizeof(A));
	new(p2)A(10);
	p2->~A();
	operator delete(p2);
	return 0;
}