前往小程序,Get更优阅读体验!
立即前往
首页
学习
活动
专区
圈层
工具
发布
首页
学习
活动
专区
圈层
工具
MCP广场
社区首页 >专栏 >Python爬虫多次请求后被要求验证码的应对策略

Python爬虫多次请求后被要求验证码的应对策略

原创
作者头像
小白学大数据
发布于 2025-04-17 08:40:59
发布于 2025-04-17 08:40:59
10000
代码可运行
举报
运行总次数:0
代码可运行

在互联网数据采集领域,Python爬虫是一种强大的工具,能够帮助我们高效地获取网页数据。然而,在实际应用中,许多网站为了防止恶意爬取,会在检测到频繁请求时要求用户输入验证码。这无疑给爬虫的正常运行带来了挑战。本文将详细介绍Python爬虫在多次请求后被要求验证码时的应对策略,并提供具体的实现代码。

一、验证码的类型及原理

验证码(CAPTCHA)是一种区分用户是人类还是自动化程序的公共全自动程序。常见的验证码类型包括:

  1. 图片验证码:通过扭曲、变形的字符或数字组合,让用户识别并输入。
  2. 滑块验证码:要求用户将滑块拖动到指定位置。
  3. 点击验证码:要求用户点击图片中的特定位置或识别其中的元素。
  4. 短信验证码:通过发送短信验证码到用户手机,验证用户身份。

验证码的原理是利用人类视觉识别能力优于机器识别能力的特性,阻止自动化程序(如爬虫)的访问。当网站检测到短时间内多次请求时,会触发验证码机制,以确保后续操作是由真实用户完成。

二、Python爬虫被要求验证码的原因

  1. 请求频率过高:爬虫在短时间内发送大量请求,触发网站的反爬机制。
  2. IP地址被识别:使用单一IP地址进行频繁请求,容易被网站识别为爬虫。
  3. 缺乏伪装:爬虫请求头(User-Agent、Referer等)未进行伪装,容易被网站识别。
  4. 数据采集模式:某些网站对特定数据采集模式敏感,一旦检测到类似爬虫的行为,会要求验证码。

三、应对策略

(一)降低请求频率

降低请求频率是最简单直接的应对方式。通过合理控制爬虫的请求间隔,避免触发网站的反爬机制。

代码语言:javascript
代码运行次数:0
运行
AI代码解释
复制
import time

def fetch_data(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    return response

urls = ["http://example.com/page1", "http://example.com/page2", ...]

for url in urls:
    data = fetch_data(url)
    # 处理数据
    time.sleep(2)  # 每次请求间隔2

(二)使用代理IP

使用代理IP可以隐藏爬虫的真实IP地址,避免因IP被封导致的验证码问题。常见的代理IP获取方式包括使用免费代理池或付费代理服务。

代码语言:javascript
代码运行次数:0
运行
AI代码解释
复制
import requests

def fetch_data_with_proxy(url, proxy):
    proxies = {
        "http": proxy,
        "https": proxy
    }
    response = requests.get(url, proxies=proxies)
    return response

proxy_list = ["http://192.168.1.1:8080", "http://192.168.1.2:8080", ...]

for proxy in proxy_list:
    data = fetch_data_with_proxy("http://example.com", proxy)
    # 处理数据

(三)伪装请求头

通过修改请求头中的User-Agent、Referer等字段,伪装成正常的浏览器请求,降低被识别为爬虫的风险。

代码语言:javascript
代码运行次数:0
运行
AI代码解释
复制
import requests

def fetch_data_with_headers(url):
    headers = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.3",
        "Referer": "http://example.com"
    }
    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    return response

data = fetch_data_with_headers("http://example.com")
# 处理数据

(四)验证码识别与自动处理

对于图片验证码,可以使用OCR(光学字符识别)技术进行识别。常见的OCR工具包括Tesseract和百度OCR等。

使用Tesseract进行验证码识别
  1. 安装Tesseract:
    • Windows:下载安装包并配置环境变量。
    • Linuxsudo apt-get install tesseract-ocr
  2. 使用Python调用Tesseract进行验证码识别。
代码语言:javascript
代码运行次数:0
运行
AI代码解释
复制
from PIL import Image
import pytesseract
import requests
from io import BytesIO

def recognize_captcha(image_url):
    response = requests.get(image_url)
    image = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content))
    captcha_text = pytesseract.image_to_string(image)
    return captcha_text

captcha_url = "http://example.com/captcha.jpg"
captcha_text = recognize_captcha(captcha_url)
print("识别的验证码:", captcha_text)

四、综合案例:爬取需要验证码的网站

以下是一个综合应用上述策略的完整案例,爬取一个需要验证码的网站数据。

代码语言:javascript
代码运行次数:0
运行
AI代码解释
复制
import requests
import time
import random
import pytesseract
from PIL import Image
from io import BytesIO

# 配置
captcha_url = "http://example.com/captcha.jpg"
target_url = "http://example.com/data"
headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.3",
    "Referer": "http://example.com"
}

# 代理信息
proxyHost = "www.16yun.cn"
proxyPort = "5445"
proxyUser = "16QMSOML"
proxyPass = "280651"

# 构造代理字典
proxies = {
    "http": f"http://{proxyUser}:{proxyPass}@{proxyHost}:{proxyPort}",
    "https": f"http://{proxyUser}:{proxyPass}@{proxyHost}:{proxyPort}"
}

def fetch_captcha():
    # 使用代理请求验证码图片
    response = requests.get(captcha_url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies)
    image = Image.open(BytesIO(response.content))
    captcha_text = pytesseract.image_to_string(image)
    return captcha_text

def fetch_data_with_captcha(captcha_text):
    data = {
        "captcha": captcha_text
    }
    # 使用代理发送请求
    response = requests.post(target_url, headers=headers, data=data, proxies=proxies)
    return response

def main():
    while True:
        captcha_text = fetch_captcha()
        response = fetch_data_with_captcha(captcha_text)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            print("数据获取成功:", response.text)
            break
        else:
            print("验证码错误或请求失败,重新尝试...")
        time.sleep(random.uniform(1, 3))  # 随机停留13if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

五、总结

在爬取需要验证码的网站时,降低请求频率、使用代理IP、伪装请求头、识别验证码以及模拟正常用户行为等策略可以有效应对验证码问题。通过合理组合这些策略,我们可以提高爬虫的稳定性和效率。然而,需要注意的是,爬虫的使用应遵循相关法律法规和网站的使用条款,避免对网站造成不必要的负担。

原创声明:本文系作者授权腾讯云开发者社区发表,未经许可,不得转载。

如有侵权,请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。

原创声明:本文系作者授权腾讯云开发者社区发表,未经许可,不得转载。

如有侵权,请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。

评论
登录后参与评论
暂无评论
推荐阅读
访谈 - Sensory CEO Todd Mozer与FindBiometrics CEO Peter O'Neil
Sensory CEO Todd Mozer近日接受了FindBiometrics CEO Peter O'Neil的专访。内容包括了 Sensory于2019年对Vocalize.ai,独立第三方语音和声音生物特征测试实验室的收购,以及包含语音识别和交互,面部识别和模拟的人的虚拟化身(virtual avatar)的应用,以及关于当但隐私保护的探讨等等。
用户6026865
2020/01/17
4360
Sonos Launches Own Voice Assistant to Take on Alexa and Siri
Audio-electronics maker Sonos Inc. is introducing its own voice-activated digital assistant, pushing into a market dominated by tech giants like Amazon.com Inc. and Apple Inc.
用户6026865
2022/09/02
1.4K0
Auto Makers Are Expanding Voice Controls for Drivers
Auto Makers Are Expanding Voice Controls for Drivers. Cars Will Talk More, Too.
用户6026865
2023/03/03
3340
Auto Makers Are Expanding Voice Controls for Drivers
2020年最值得加入的TOP10人工智能公司
人工智能已经来到了转折点(Inflection Point) - 已不再只是起到装饰作用,从各方面看(all intents and purposes)已经成为了核心要素(core ingredient)。
用户6026865
2020/06/11
6470
The Conversational AI Industry Landscape Map
The conversational AI landscape is divided into categories:
用户6026865
2023/03/02
4160
The Conversational AI Industry Landscape Map
GETTING RID OF WAKE WORDS…PLEASE NOT YET!
One of the great things about Sensory is the traction we have had over the years. Not just traction that produces revenues and profits, but traction that gives us insights into what hundreds of multibillion-dollar companies want in their speech solutions. Since Sensory introduced the first commercially successful voice triggers aka wake word that called up a voice assistant (e.g. Samsung Galaxy S2 and MotoX), we have been getting requests for the same thing:
用户6026865
2022/05/17
6730
GETTING RID OF WAKE WORDS…PLEASE NOT YET!
The TOP 44 Leaders in Voice - Sensory CEO荣膺最具远见商业领袖
语音助理(Voice Assistant)已经成为一种现象型产品,已经成为了一种文化符号,成为了继网站,和移动设备之后,的一种新的计算平台。
用户6026865
2019/08/16
4260
The TOP 44 Leaders in Voice - Sensory CEO荣膺最具远见商业领袖
Top 8 technology trends in 2020
We have seen an upsurge of technological tools used in the past decade. Smart Phones have taken over the world and with that, the use of the internet has become an integral part of people’s lives. What we have come across in the past decade was shaped by the efforts of tech companies like Apple, Google, Facebook, and Microsoft. They were the key players in shaping the face of the IT industry. It will be interesting to see how technology trends in 2020 will shape the future of the upcoming decade. We already have got hints regarding some of the coolest technology that will be trending in 2020 in the last few years.
用户4822892
2020/06/02
5210
Top 8 technology trends in 2020
5 Predictions for Voice Technology in 2023
There is no doubt that voice is the most natural and convenient communication mode, so it's little wonder that the adoption of voice technology on smart devices has more recently become the preferred interface in many contexts.
用户6026865
2023/03/02
2980
5 Predictions for Voice Technology in 2023
Sensory's VOICE BIOMETRIC REVOLUTION
WHY VOICE ID IS NOW SECURE ENOUGHFOR DEVICE UNLOCK
用户6026865
2023/03/02
3070
Sensory's VOICE BIOMETRIC REVOLUTION
Develop Custom VUI's for Children's Speech
Developers can now access child speech models, as well as Sensory’s industry-leading adult speech models, within Sensory’s VoiceHub developer portal.
用户6026865
2022/05/17
3200
Develop Custom VUI's for Children's Speech
Sensory为全球的第三方设备提供Hey Siri唤醒词
Sensory宣布其TrulyHandsFree - 面向边缘侧设备端的唤醒词和语音识别引擎(edge-based wake-word and phrase recognition engine),面向全球不同国家,推出"Hey Siri”唤醒词。
用户6026865
2021/07/08
7530
Sensory为全球的第三方设备提供Hey Siri唤醒词
SensoryCloud - Wake Words Revisited in the Cloud
Sensory has always had a forte in wake words. We first developed what we called “voice triggers” back in the early 2000’s as a way for Hallmark to introduce stories with plush pets that would interact as you spoke certain words.
用户6026865
2022/04/02
3170
SensoryCloud - Wake Words Revisited in the Cloud
Conversational AI and the Top Companies
Conversational AI is the synthetic brainpower that makes machines capable of understanding, processing and responding to human language.
用户6026865
2022/05/17
5890
Conversational AI and the Top Companies
语音AI革命十年,不忍看,不敢看!
过去10年彻底改变了人们对语音技术的看法。语音助手从最初的几家门店,发展到如今已融入人们生活的方方面面。为了概括十年来发生的一切,我们挑选了过去十年里每年发生的一件值得关注的事件,来突出和显示它们是如何在语音助手的发展和传播方面成为一个里程碑的。
新智元
2020/02/13
1.1K0
语音一代(Generation Voice)长大后会发生什么?
以下文章翻译自OBSERVER(www.observer.com)。原文链接 -
用户6026865
2019/10/23
6860
语音一代(Generation Voice)长大后会发生什么?
Artificial Intelligence: 10 Things To Know
Andrew Moore, Dean of Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science, talks about artificial intelligence, robotics, and the future of education. Artificial intelligence (AI) is already widely used in software and online services and it is becoming more comm
架构师研究会
2018/04/09
6780
Artificial Intelligence: 10 Things To Know
Oracle将利用AI,自主云平台中的机器学习
甲骨文周二在纽约的Oracle CloudWorld上展示了Oracle Cloud Platform在人工智能和机器学习方面的进步。
田冠宇
2020/12/25
1K0
Sensory聚焦于隐私保护的嵌入式定制化语音助理驱动下一代的智能家电
Sen基于机器学习的语音人工智能技术正在快速的渗透包括玩具和智能家电在内的一切设备。
用户6026865
2021/07/08
5860
Sensory聚焦于隐私保护的嵌入式定制化语音助理驱动下一代的智能家电
Cerence - Cognitive Arbitrator - 为车载体验支持多种语音助理
Cognitive Arbitrary作用类似于一个路由器,倾听,理解并将用户的询问,引导到最适合的内容服务。(voice router)
用户6026865
2020/03/04
7750
推荐阅读
相关推荐
访谈 - Sensory CEO Todd Mozer与FindBiometrics CEO Peter O'Neil
更多 >
LV.0
这个人很懒,什么都没有留下~
目录
  • 一、验证码的类型及原理
  • 二、Python爬虫被要求验证码的原因
  • 三、应对策略
    • (一)降低请求频率
    • (二)使用代理IP
    • (三)伪装请求头
    • (四)验证码识别与自动处理
      • 使用Tesseract进行验证码识别
  • 四、综合案例:爬取需要验证码的网站
  • 五、总结
领券
问题归档专栏文章快讯文章归档关键词归档开发者手册归档开发者手册 Section 归档