【测试理论与实践】（九）Selenium 自动化测试常用函数全攻略：从元素定位到文件上传，覆盖 99% 实战场景

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

# 初始化浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 1. 定位百度搜索框（id=kw）
search_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw")
print("成功定位搜索框")

# 2. 定位“百度一下”按钮（id=su）
search_btn = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su")
print("成功定位百度一下按钮")

# 3. 定位百度热搜标题（class=s-hotsearch-title）
hotsearch_title = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".s-hotsearch-title")
print(f"百度热搜标题：{hotsearch_title.text}")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 1. 按ID定位搜索框
search_input = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='kw']")
search_input.send_keys("自动化测试常用函数")

# 2. 按索引定位第2个热搜词条
second_hotsearch = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//div[@id='hotsearch-content-wrapper']/li[2]/a/span[2]")
print(f"第2个热搜词条：{second_hotsearch.text}")

# 3. 定位父节点（搜索框的父div）
search_input_parent = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='kw']/..")
print(f"搜索框父节点标签名：{search_input_parent.tag_name}")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 定位并点击“百度一下”按钮
search_btn = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su")
search_btn.click()
print("成功点击百度一下按钮")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 定位搜索框并输入文本
search_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw")
search_input.send_keys("Selenium常用函数")
print("成功输入搜索关键词")

driver.quit()

# 导入键盘按键模块
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

# 输入文本后按回车（替代点击搜索按钮）
search_input.send_keys("Selenium常用函数", Keys.ENTER)

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
import time

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

search_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw")

# 输入第一个关键词
search_input.send_keys("迪丽热巴")
time.sleep(1)  # 等待1秒，便于观察
print("第一次输入：迪丽热巴")

# 清除文本
search_input.clear()
time.sleep(1)
print("已清除文本")

# 输入第二个关键词
search_input.send_keys("古力娜扎")
print("第二次输入：古力娜扎")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 获取百度热搜第一个词条的文本
first_hotsearch = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='hotsearch-content-wrapper']/li[1]/a/span[2]")
hotsearch_text = first_hotsearch.text
print(f"百度热搜第一名：{hotsearch_text}")

# 验证结果（断言）
assert "热搜" in hotsearch_text, "测试失败：热搜词条不包含关键词"
print("测试通过：热搜词条符合预期")

driver.quit()

# 获取“百度一下”按钮的value属性值
search_btn = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su")
btn_text = search_btn.get_attribute("value")
print(f"按钮文字：{btn_text}")  # 输出：百度一下

# 获取链接的href属性（跳转地址）
link = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[text()='新闻']")
link_url = link.get_attribute("href")
print(f"新闻链接：{link_url}")

# 获取图片的src属性（图片地址）
img = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".index-logo-src")
img_src = img.get_attribute("src")
print(f"百度Logo地址：{img_src}")

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 1. 获取首页标题和URL
home_title = driver.title
home_url = driver.current_url
print(f"首页标题：{home_title}")
print(f"首页URL：{home_url}")

# 2. 搜索后验证跳转
search_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw")
search_input.send_keys("Selenium")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su").click()

# 3. 获取搜索结果页的标题和URL
result_title = driver.title
result_url = driver.current_url
print(f"搜索结果页标题：{result_title}")
print(f"搜索结果页URL：{result_url}")

# 4. 断言验证
assert "Selenium" in result_title, "测试失败：页面标题不包含关键词"
assert "wd=Selenium" in result_url, "测试失败：URL不包含搜索关键词"
print("测试通过：页面跳转符合预期")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 1. 获取原窗口句柄
original_handle = driver.current_window_handle
print(f"原窗口句柄：{original_handle}")

# 2. 点击“新闻”链接，打开新窗口
news_link = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[text()='新闻']")
news_link.click()

# 3. 获取所有窗口句柄
all_handles = driver.window_handles
print(f"所有窗口句柄：{all_handles}")

# 4. 切换到新窗口（遍历所有句柄，找到非原窗口的句柄）
for handle in all_handles:
    if handle != original_handle:
        driver.switch_to.window(handle)
        break

# 5. 操作新窗口（验证新闻页面标题）
news_title = driver.title
print(f"新窗口（新闻页）标题：{news_title}")
assert "百度新闻" in news_title, "测试失败：未成功切换到新闻窗口"
print("测试通过：成功切换到新窗口")

# 6. 切换回原窗口（可选）
driver.switch_to.window(original_handle)
print(f"切换回原窗口，标题：{driver.title}")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
import time

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 1. 窗口最大化
driver.maximize_window()
print("窗口已最大化")
time.sleep(2)

# 2. 自定义窗口大小（1024x768）
driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)
print("窗口大小设置为1024x768")
time.sleep(2)

# 3. 窗口全屏
driver.fullscreen_window()
print("窗口已全屏")
time.sleep(2)

# 4. 窗口最小化
driver.minimize_window()
print("窗口已最小化")
time.sleep(2)

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 截图并保存到指定路径（相对路径或绝对路径均可）
driver.save_screenshot("./screenshots/baidu_home.png")
print("截图已保存到 ./screenshots/baidu_home.png")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
import datetime
import os

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 1. 创建截图目录（如果不存在）
screenshot_dir = "./screenshots"
if not os.path.exists(screenshot_dir):
    os.makedirs(screenshot_dir)

# 2. 按时间生成截图文件名（格式：年-月-日-时-分-秒.png）
current_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S")
screenshot_path = f"{screenshot_dir}/autotest-{current_time}.png"

# 3. 截图并保存
driver.save_screenshot(screenshot_path)
print(f"截图已保存到：{screenshot_path}")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 打开新窗口
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//a[text()='新闻']").click()
all_handles = driver.window_handles

# 切换到新窗口并关闭
driver.switch_to.window(all_handles[1])
driver.close()
print("已关闭新闻窗口")

# 切换回原窗口，继续操作
driver.switch_to.window(all_handles[0])
print(f"当前窗口标题：{driver.title}")

# 脚本结束，关闭所有窗口
driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

# 本地HTML文件（含警告弹窗）
html_path = "file:///D:/test/alert_test.html"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get(html_path)

# 点击按钮触发警告弹窗
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#alertBtn").click()

# 切换到弹窗并点击确定
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
print(f"弹窗提示内容：{alert.text}")  # 获取弹窗文本
alert.accept()
print("已关闭警告弹窗")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

html_path = "file:///D:/test/confirm_test.html"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get(html_path)

# 点击按钮触发确认弹窗
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#confirmBtn").click()

# 切换到弹窗
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
print(f"弹窗提示内容：{alert.text}")

# 点击取消按钮（点击确定用 alert.accept()）
alert.dismiss()
print("已点击取消按钮")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

html_path = "file:///D:/test/prompt_test.html"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get(html_path)

# 点击按钮触发提示弹窗
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#promptBtn").click()

# 切换到弹窗
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
print(f"弹窗提示内容：{alert.text}")

# 输入文本并点击确定
alert.send_keys("自动化测试工程师")
alert.accept()
print("已输入文本并点击确定")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
import time

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 强制等待3秒（模拟页面加载）
time.sleep(3)

# 定位元素
search_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw")
search_input.send_keys("强制等待")
print("输入成功")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
# 设置隐式等待10秒（作用于整个脚本）
driver.implicitly_wait(10)

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 无需额外等待，脚本会自动等待元素加载完成
search_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw")
search_input.send_keys("隐式等待")
print("输入成功")

driver.quit()

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")

# 显式等待：等待搜索框可见（最多等待10秒，每0.5秒检查一次）
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
search_input = wait.until(
    EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw"))
)

# 输入文本
search_input.send_keys("显式等待")
print("输入成功")

# 显式等待：等待“百度一下”按钮可点击，并点击
search_btn = wait.until(
    EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su"))
)
search_btn.click()

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
import time

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
# 隐式等待10秒
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
# 显式等待15秒
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 15)

start_time = time.time()
try:
    # 定位一个不存在的元素
    wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, "nonexistent-element")))
except Exception as e:
    end_time = time.time()
    print(f"报错时间：{end_time - start_time:.2f}秒")  # 输出约20秒（10+15）

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager
import time

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))

# 1. 打开百度首页
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(f"当前页面：{driver.title}")
time.sleep(2)

# 2. 搜索关键词，跳转到结果页
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#kw").send_keys("浏览器导航")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#su").click()
print(f"搜索后页面：{driver.title}")
time.sleep(2)

# 3. 后退到百度首页
driver.back()
print(f"后退后页面：{driver.title}")
time.sleep(2)

# 4. 前进到搜索结果页
driver.forward()
print(f"前进后页面：{driver.title}")
time.sleep(2)

# 5. 刷新当前页面
driver.refresh()
print("页面已刷新")
time.sleep(2)

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()))
# 打开本地文件上传测试页面
driver.get("file:///D:/test/upload.html")

# 定位<input type="file">元素
upload_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")

# 传入文件绝对路径（注意：Windows系统用双反斜杠\\，Linux/Mac用斜杠/）
file_path = "D:\\test\\test_file.txt"
upload_input.send_keys(file_path)
print(f"已上传文件：{file_path}")

driver.quit()

# 定位隐藏的上传元素
upload_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")

# 执行JS代码，让元素可见
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].style.display = 'block';", upload_input)

# 上传文件
upload_input.send_keys("D:\\test\\test_file.txt")

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

# 创建ChromeOptions对象
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()

# 添加启动参数
options.add_argument("参数名")

# 初始化浏览器时传入options
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
    service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()),
    options=options
)

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
# 启用无头模式
options.add_argument("--headless=new")

driver = webdriver.Chrome(
    service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()),
    options=options
)

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(f"页面标题：{driver.title}")  # 正常输出标题，无浏览器窗口显示

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
# 设置页面加载策略为eager（DOM就绪即可）
options.page_load_strategy = "eager"

driver = webdriver.Chrome(
    service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()),
    options=options
)

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(f"页面标题：{driver.title}")

driver.quit()

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
# 模拟iPhone 12访问
options.add_experimental_option(
    "mobileEmulation",
    {"deviceName": "iPhone 12"}
)

driver = webdriver.Chrome(
    service=ChromeService(ChromeDriverManager().install()),
    options=options
)

driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(f"手机端页面标题：{driver.title}")
driver.save_screenshot("./mobile_baidu.png")
print("手机端截图已保存")

driver.quit()