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分布式系统的一些阅读笔记

distributed systems high level:scalability, availability, performance, latency and fault tolerance CAP theorem and the FLP impossibility result. time and order the replication problem:preventing divergence and accepting divergence 注意: Most things are trivial at a small scale - and the same problem becomes much harder once you surpass a certain size, volume or other physically constrained thing. Scalability: is the ability of a system, network, or process, to handle a growing amount of work in a capable manner or its ability to be enlarged to accommodate that growth. 一共有三种: Size scalability: adding more nodes should make the system linearly faster; growing the dataset should not increase latency Geographic scalability: it should be possible to use multiple data centers to reduce the time it takes to respond to user queries, while dealing with cross-data center latency in some sensible manner. Administrative scalability: adding more nodes should not increase the administrative costs of the system (e.g. the administrators-to-machines ratio). 当然这三可遇不可求,比如Geographic scalability也就google的spanner Performance: is characterized by the amount of useful work accomplished by a computer system compared to the time and resources used. 有三个标准: Short response time/low latency for a given piece of work High throughput (rate of processing work) Low utilization of computing resource(s) Availability (and fault tolerance): the proportion of time a system is in a functioning condition. If a user cannot access the system, it is said to be unavailable. 备注:Distributed systems can take a bunch of unreliable components, and build a reliable system on top of them. Availability = uptime / (uptime + downtime). Fault tolerance: ability of a system to behave in a well-defined manner once faults occur 分布式系统的两个限制因素: the number of nodes (which increases with the required storage and computation capacity) the distance between nodes (information travels, at best, at the speed of light) 比如: an increase in the number of independent nodes increases

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