Php如何制作有效的url

// 基本URL构建
$base_url = "https://www.example.com";
$path = "/path/to/resource";
$query_params = ["key1" => "value1", "key2" => "value2"];

// 构建完整的URL
$url = $base_url . $path . "?" . http_build_query($query_params);
echo $url; // 输出: https://www.example.com/path/to/resource?key1=value1&key2=value2

// 对单个参数值进行编码
$encoded_value = urlencode("特殊字符!@#");
echo $encoded_value; // 输出: %E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%21%40%23

// 对整个查询字符串进行编码
$query_string = http_build_query(["key" => "特殊字符!@#"]);
echo $query_string; // 输出: key=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%21%40%23

header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');

$stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id');
$stmt->execute(['id' => $user_id]);