SqlAlchemy 2.0 中文文档（二十三）

class Order(Base):
    __tablename__ = "order"

    items = relationship("Item", cascade="all, delete-orphan")
    customer = relationship("User", cascade="save-update")

class Item(Base):
    __tablename__ = "item"

    order = relationship(
        "Order", backref=backref("items", cascade="all, delete-orphan")
    )

>>> user1 = User()
>>> address1, address2 = Address(), Address()
>>> user1.addresses = [address1, address2]

>>> sess = Session()
>>> sess.add(user1)
>>> address1 in sess
True

>>> address3 = Address()
>>> user1.addresses.append(address3)
>>> address3 in sess
True

>>> user1 = sess1.scalars(select(User).filter_by(id=1)).first()
>>> address1 = user1.addresses[0]
>>> sess1.close()  # user1, address1 no longer associated with sess1
>>> user1.addresses.remove(address1)  # address1 no longer associated with user1
>>> sess2 = Session()
>>> sess2.add(user1)  # ... but it still gets added to the new session,
>>> address1 in sess2  # because it's still "pending" for flush
True

mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
    Order,
    order_table,
    properties={"items": relationship(Item, back_populates="order")},
)

mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
    Item,
    item_table,
    properties={"order": relationship(Order, back_populates="items")},
)

>>> o1 = Order()
>>> session.add(o1)
>>> o1 in session
True

>>> i1 = Item()
>>> o1.items.append(i1)
>>> o1 is i1.order
True
>>> i1 in session
True

>>> o1 = Order()
>>> session.add(o1)
>>> o1 in session
True

>>> i1 = Item()
>>> i1.order = o1
>>> i1 in order.items
True
>>> i1 in session
False

>>> session.add(i1)

class User(Base):
    # ...

    addresses = relationship("Address", cascade="all, delete")

>>> user1 = sess1.scalars(select(User).filter_by(id=1)).first()
>>> address1, address2 = user1.addresses

>>> sess.delete(user1)
>>> sess.commit()
DELETE  FROM  address  WHERE  address.id  =  ?
((1,),  (2,))
DELETE  FROM  user  WHERE  user.id  =  ?
(1,)
COMMIT 

class User(Base):
    # ...

    addresses = relationship("Address")

>>> sess.delete(user1)
>>> sess.commit()
UPDATE  address  SET  user_id=?  WHERE  address.id  =  ?
(None,  1)
UPDATE  address  SET  user_id=?  WHERE  address.id  =  ?
(None,  2)
DELETE  FROM  user  WHERE  user.id  =  ?
(1,)
COMMIT 

association_table = Table(
    "association",
    Base.metadata,
    Column("left_id", Integer, ForeignKey("left.id")),
    Column("right_id", Integer, ForeignKey("right.id")),
)

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "left"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="parents",
        cascade="all, delete",
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "right"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parents = relationship(
        "Parent",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="children",
    )

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "parent"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        back_populates="parent",
        cascade="all, delete",
        passive_deletes=True,
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "child"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parent_id = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("parent.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
    parent = relationship("Parent", back_populates="children")

association_table = Table(
    "association",
    Base.metadata,
    Column("left_id", Integer, ForeignKey("left.id", ondelete="CASCADE")),
    Column("right_id", Integer, ForeignKey("right.id", ondelete="CASCADE")),
)

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "left"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="parents",
        cascade="all, delete",
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "right"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parents = relationship(
        "Parent",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="children",
        passive_deletes=True,
    )

>>> address = user.addresses[1]
>>> session.delete(address)
>>> session.flush()
>>> address in user.addresses
True

>>> session.commit()
>>> address in user.addresses
False

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "user"

    # ...

    addresses = relationship("Address", cascade="all, delete-orphan")

# ...

del user.addresses[1]
session.flush()

class User(Base):
    # ...

    preference = relationship(
        "Preference", cascade="all, delete-orphan", single_parent=True
    )

some_user.preference = None
session.flush()  # will delete the Preference object

>>> user1 = User()
>>> address1, address2 = Address(), Address()
>>> user1.addresses = [address1, address2]

>>> sess = Session()
>>> sess.add(user1)
>>> address1 in sess
True

>>> address3 = Address()
>>> user1.addresses.append(address3)
>>> address3 in sess
True

>>> user1 = sess1.scalars(select(User).filter_by(id=1)).first()
>>> address1 = user1.addresses[0]
>>> sess1.close()  # user1, address1 no longer associated with sess1
>>> user1.addresses.remove(address1)  # address1 no longer associated with user1
>>> sess2 = Session()
>>> sess2.add(user1)  # ... but it still gets added to the new session,
>>> address1 in sess2  # because it's still "pending" for flush
True

mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
    Order,
    order_table,
    properties={"items": relationship(Item, back_populates="order")},
)

mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
    Item,
    item_table,
    properties={"order": relationship(Order, back_populates="items")},
)

>>> o1 = Order()
>>> session.add(o1)
>>> o1 in session
True

>>> i1 = Item()
>>> o1.items.append(i1)
>>> o1 is i1.order
True
>>> i1 in session
True

>>> o1 = Order()
>>> session.add(o1)
>>> o1 in session
True

>>> i1 = Item()
>>> i1.order = o1
>>> i1 in order.items
True
>>> i1 in session
False

>>> session.add(i1)

mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
    Order,
    order_table,
    properties={"items": relationship(Item, back_populates="order")},
)

mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
    Item,
    item_table,
    properties={"order": relationship(Order, back_populates="items")},
)

>>> o1 = Order()
>>> session.add(o1)
>>> o1 in session
True

>>> i1 = Item()
>>> o1.items.append(i1)
>>> o1 is i1.order
True
>>> i1 in session
True

>>> o1 = Order()
>>> session.add(o1)
>>> o1 in session
True

>>> i1 = Item()
>>> i1.order = o1
>>> i1 in order.items
True
>>> i1 in session
False

>>> session.add(i1)

class User(Base):
    # ...

    addresses = relationship("Address", cascade="all, delete")

>>> user1 = sess1.scalars(select(User).filter_by(id=1)).first()
>>> address1, address2 = user1.addresses

>>> sess.delete(user1)
>>> sess.commit()
DELETE  FROM  address  WHERE  address.id  =  ?
((1,),  (2,))
DELETE  FROM  user  WHERE  user.id  =  ?
(1,)
COMMIT 

class User(Base):
    # ...

    addresses = relationship("Address")

>>> sess.delete(user1)
>>> sess.commit()
UPDATE  address  SET  user_id=?  WHERE  address.id  =  ?
(None,  1)
UPDATE  address  SET  user_id=?  WHERE  address.id  =  ?
(None,  2)
DELETE  FROM  user  WHERE  user.id  =  ?
(1,)
COMMIT 

association_table = Table(
    "association",
    Base.metadata,
    Column("left_id", Integer, ForeignKey("left.id")),
    Column("right_id", Integer, ForeignKey("right.id")),
)

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "left"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="parents",
        cascade="all, delete",
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "right"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parents = relationship(
        "Parent",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="children",
    )

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "parent"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        back_populates="parent",
        cascade="all, delete",
        passive_deletes=True,
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "child"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parent_id = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("parent.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
    parent = relationship("Parent", back_populates="children")

association_table = Table(
    "association",
    Base.metadata,
    Column("left_id", Integer, ForeignKey("left.id", ondelete="CASCADE")),
    Column("right_id", Integer, ForeignKey("right.id", ondelete="CASCADE")),
)

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "left"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="parents",
        cascade="all, delete",
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "right"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parents = relationship(
        "Parent",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="children",
        passive_deletes=True,
    )

association_table = Table(
    "association",
    Base.metadata,
    Column("left_id", Integer, ForeignKey("left.id")),
    Column("right_id", Integer, ForeignKey("right.id")),
)

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "left"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="parents",
        cascade="all, delete",
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "right"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parents = relationship(
        "Parent",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="children",
    )

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "parent"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        back_populates="parent",
        cascade="all, delete",
        passive_deletes=True,
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "child"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parent_id = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("parent.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
    parent = relationship("Parent", back_populates="children")

association_table = Table(
    "association",
    Base.metadata,
    Column("left_id", Integer, ForeignKey("left.id", ondelete="CASCADE")),
    Column("right_id", Integer, ForeignKey("right.id", ondelete="CASCADE")),
)

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = "left"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship(
        "Child",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="parents",
        cascade="all, delete",
    )

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = "right"
    id = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parents = relationship(
        "Parent",
        secondary=association_table,
        back_populates="children",
        passive_deletes=True,
    )

>>> address = user.addresses[1]
>>> session.delete(address)
>>> session.flush()
>>> address in user.addresses
True

>>> session.commit()
>>> address in user.addresses
False

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "user"

    # ...

    addresses = relationship("Address", cascade="all, delete-orphan")

# ...

del user.addresses[1]
session.flush()

class User(Base):
    # ...

    preference = relationship(
        "Preference", cascade="all, delete-orphan", single_parent=True
    )

some_user.preference = None
session.flush()  # will delete the Preference object

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

session = Session(engine)

with session.begin():
    session.add(some_object())
    session.add(some_other_object())
# commits transaction at the end, or rolls back if there
# was an exception raised

session = Session(engine)

session.add(some_object())
session.add(some_other_object())

session.commit()  # commits

# will automatically begin again
result = session.execute(text("< some select statement >"))
session.add_all([more_objects, ...])
session.commit()  # commits

session.add(still_another_object)
session.flush()  # flush still_another_object
session.rollback()  # rolls back still_another_object

# expunges all objects, releases all transactions unconditionally
# (with rollback), releases all database connections back to their
# engines
session.close()

with Session(engine) as session:
    session.add(some_object())
    session.add(some_other_object())

    session.commit()  # commits

    session.add(still_another_object)
    session.flush()  # flush still_another_object

    session.commit()  # commits

    result = session.execute(text("<some SELECT statement>"))

# remaining transactional state from the .execute() call is
# discarded

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session() as session:
    with session.begin():
        session.add(some_object)
    # commits

# closes the Session

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add(some_object)

Session = sessionmaker()

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add(u1)
    session.add(u2)

    nested = session.begin_nested()  # establish a savepoint
    session.add(u3)
    nested.rollback()  # rolls back u3, keeps u1 and u2

# commits u1 and u2

for record in records:
    try:
        with session.begin_nested():
            session.merge(record)
    except:
        print("Skipped record %s" % record)
session.commit()

from sqlalchemy import exc

with session.begin():
    for record in records:
        try:
            with session.begin_nested():
                obj = SomeRecord(id=record["identifier"], name=record["name"])
                session.add(obj)
        except exc.IntegrityError:
            print(f"Skipped record {record} - row already exists")

ORM                                           Core
-----------------------------------------     -----------------------------------
sessionmaker                                  Engine
Session                                       Connection
sessionmaker.begin()                          Engine.begin()
some_session.commit()                         some_connection.commit()
with some_sessionmaker() as session:          with some_engine.connect() as conn:
with some_sessionmaker.begin() as session:    with some_engine.begin() as conn:
with some_session.begin_nested() as sp:       with some_connection.begin_nested() as sp:

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.connect() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    conn.commit()

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    session.commit()

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
# commits and closes automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
# commits and closes automatically

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    savepoint = conn.begin_nested()
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback

# commits automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    savepoint = session.begin_nested()
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback
# commits automatically
```### 显式开始

`Session` 具有“自动开始”行为，这意味着一旦操作开始进行，它就会确保存在一个 `SessionTransaction` 来跟踪正在进行的操作。 当调用 `Session.commit()` 时，此事务将完成。

通常希望，特别是在框架集成中，控制“开始”操作发生的时间点。 为此，`Session` 使用“自动开始”策略，使得可以直接调用 `Session.begin()` 方法，以便为尚未启动事务的 `Session` 调用：

```py
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
session.begin()
try:
    item1 = session.get(Item, 1)
    item2 = session.get(Item, 2)
    item1.foo = "bar"
    item2.bar = "foo"
    session.commit()
except:
    session.rollback()
    raise

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
with session.begin():
    item1 = session.get(Item, 1)
    item2 = session.get(Item, 2)
    item1.foo = "bar"
    item2.bar = "foo"

engine1 = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://db1")
engine2 = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://db2")

Session = sessionmaker(twophase=True)

# bind User operations to engine 1, Account operations to engine 2
Session.configure(binds={User: engine1, Account: engine2})

session = Session()

# .... work with accounts and users

# commit.  session will issue a flush to all DBs, and a prepare step to all DBs,
# before committing both transactions
session.commit()
```### 设置事务隔离级别 / DBAPI 自动提交

大多数 DBAPI 支持可配置的事务隔离级别的概念。传统上有四个级别：“READ UNCOMMITTED”，“READ COMMITTED”，“REPEATABLE READ” 和 “SERIALIZABLE”。这些通常应用于 DBAPI 连接在开始新事务之前，注意大多数 DBAPI 在首次发出 SQL 语句时会隐式开始此事务。

支持隔离级别的 DBAPI 通常也支持真正的 “自动提交” 概念，这意味着 DBAPI 连接本身将被置于非事务自动提交模式。这通常意味着数据库自动发出 “BEGIN” 的典型 DBAPI 行为不再发生，但它也可能包括其他指令。在使用此模式时，**DBAPI 在任何情况下都不使用事务**。SQLAlchemy 方法如 `.begin()`、`.commit()` 和 `.rollback()` 将静默传递。

SQLAlchemy 的方言支持在每个 `Engine` 或每个 `Connection` 基础上设置可设置的隔离模式，使用 `create_engine()` 层级以及 `Connection.execution_options()` 层级的标志。

当使用 ORM `Session` 时，它充当引擎和连接的 *facade*，但不直接暴露事务隔离。因此，为了影响事务隔离级别，我们需要根据情况对 `Engine` 或 `Connection` 采取行动。

另请参阅

设置事务隔离级别包括 DBAPI 自动提交 - 请确保查看 SQLAlchemy `Connection` 对象的隔离级别工作方式。

#### 为 Sessionmaker / Engine 设置隔离

要为特定的隔离级别全局设置`Session`或`sessionmaker`，第一种技术是可以针对所有情况构建一个具有特定隔离级别的`Engine`，然后将其用作`Session`和/或`sessionmaker`的连接源：

```py
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine(
    "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
    isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ",
)

Session = sessionmaker(eng)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = eng.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

transactional_session = sessionmaker(eng)
autocommit_session = sessionmaker(autocommit_engine)

with autocommit_session() as session:
    some_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))
    some_other_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))

# closes connection

plain_engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = plain_engine.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

# will normally use plain_engine
Session = sessionmaker(plain_engine)

# make a specific Session that will use the "autocommit" engine
with Session(bind=autocommit_engine) as session:
    # work with session
    ...

with Session() as session:
    session.bind_mapper(User, autocommit_engine)

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

# assume session just constructed
sess = Session(bind=engine)

# call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
# this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a real
# database transaction.
sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

# ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# commit transaction.  the connection is released
# and reverted to its previous isolation level.
sess.commit()

# subsequent to commit() above, a new transaction may be begun if desired,
# which will proceed with the previous default isolation level unless
# it is set again.

sess = Session(bind=engine)

with sess.begin():
    # call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
    # this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a
    # real database transaction.
    sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

    # ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# outside the block, the transaction has been committed.  the connection is
# released and reverted to its previous isolation level.

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from unittest import TestCase

# global application scope.  create Session class, engine
Session = sessionmaker()

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://...")

class SomeTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # connect to the database
        self.connection = engine.connect()

        # begin a non-ORM transaction
        self.trans = self.connection.begin()

        # bind an individual Session to the connection, selecting
        # "create_savepoint" join_transaction_mode
        self.session = Session(
            bind=self.connection, join_transaction_mode="create_savepoint"
        )

    def test_something(self):
        # use the session in tests.

        self.session.add(Foo())
        self.session.commit()

    def test_something_with_rollbacks(self):
        self.session.add(Bar())
        self.session.flush()
        self.session.rollback()

        self.session.add(Foo())
        self.session.commit()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.session.close()

        # rollback - everything that happened with the
        # Session above (including calls to commit())
        # is rolled back.
        self.trans.rollback()

        # return connection to the Engine
        self.connection.close()

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

session = Session(engine)

with session.begin():
    session.add(some_object())
    session.add(some_other_object())
# commits transaction at the end, or rolls back if there
# was an exception raised

session = Session(engine)

session.add(some_object())
session.add(some_other_object())

session.commit()  # commits

# will automatically begin again
result = session.execute(text("< some select statement >"))
session.add_all([more_objects, ...])
session.commit()  # commits

session.add(still_another_object)
session.flush()  # flush still_another_object
session.rollback()  # rolls back still_another_object

# expunges all objects, releases all transactions unconditionally
# (with rollback), releases all database connections back to their
# engines
session.close()

with Session(engine) as session:
    session.add(some_object())
    session.add(some_other_object())

    session.commit()  # commits

    session.add(still_another_object)
    session.flush()  # flush still_another_object

    session.commit()  # commits

    result = session.execute(text("<some SELECT statement>"))

# remaining transactional state from the .execute() call is
# discarded

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session() as session:
    with session.begin():
        session.add(some_object)
    # commits

# closes the Session

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add(some_object)

Session = sessionmaker()

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add(u1)
    session.add(u2)

    nested = session.begin_nested()  # establish a savepoint
    session.add(u3)
    nested.rollback()  # rolls back u3, keeps u1 and u2

# commits u1 and u2

for record in records:
    try:
        with session.begin_nested():
            session.merge(record)
    except:
        print("Skipped record %s" % record)
session.commit()

from sqlalchemy import exc

with session.begin():
    for record in records:
        try:
            with session.begin_nested():
                obj = SomeRecord(id=record["identifier"], name=record["name"])
                session.add(obj)
        except exc.IntegrityError:
            print(f"Skipped record {record} - row already exists")

ORM                                           Core
-----------------------------------------     -----------------------------------
sessionmaker                                  Engine
Session                                       Connection
sessionmaker.begin()                          Engine.begin()
some_session.commit()                         some_connection.commit()
with some_sessionmaker() as session:          with some_engine.connect() as conn:
with some_sessionmaker.begin() as session:    with some_engine.begin() as conn:
with some_session.begin_nested() as sp:       with some_connection.begin_nested() as sp:

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.connect() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    conn.commit()

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    session.commit()

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
# commits and closes automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
# commits and closes automatically

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    savepoint = conn.begin_nested()
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback

# commits automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    savepoint = session.begin_nested()
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback
# commits automatically
```### 显式开始

`Session` 具有“自动开始”行为，这意味着一旦操作开始进行，它就会确保存在一个用于跟踪正在进行的操作的 `SessionTransaction`。当调用 `Session.commit()` 时，该事务将被完成。

通常希望特别是在框架集成中，控制“开始”操作发生的时机。为此，`Session` 使用“自动开始”策略，使得可以直接调用 `Session.begin()` 方法来为尚未启动事务的 `Session` 开始事务：

```py
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
session.begin()
try:
    item1 = session.get(Item, 1)
    item2 = session.get(Item, 2)
    item1.foo = "bar"
    item2.bar = "foo"
    session.commit()
except:
    session.rollback()
    raise

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
with session.begin():
    item1 = session.get(Item, 1)
    item2 = session.get(Item, 2)
    item1.foo = "bar"
    item2.bar = "foo"

engine1 = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://db1")
engine2 = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://db2")

Session = sessionmaker(twophase=True)

# bind User operations to engine 1, Account operations to engine 2
Session.configure(binds={User: engine1, Account: engine2})

session = Session()

# .... work with accounts and users

# commit.  session will issue a flush to all DBs, and a prepare step to all DBs,
# before committing both transactions
session.commit()
```### 设置事务隔离级别 / DBAPI AUTOCOMMIT

大多数 DBAPI 支持可配置的事务隔离级别概念。传统上有四个级别：“READ UNCOMMITTED”、“READ COMMITTED”、“REPEATABLE READ”和“SERIALIZABLE”。这些通常在 DBAPI 连接开始新事务之前应用，需要注意的是，大多数 DBAPI 在首次发出 SQL 语句时会隐式开始此事务。

支持隔离级别的 DBAPI 通常还支持真实的“自动提交”概念，这意味着 DBAPI 连接本身将被放置在非事务自动提交模式中。这通常意味着自动向数据库发出“BEGIN”的典型 DBAPI 行为不再发生，但也可能包括其他指令。在使用此模式时，**DBAPI 在任何情况下都不使用事务**。SQLAlchemy 方法如`.begin()`、`.commit()` 和 `.rollback()` 会静默通过。

SQLAlchemy 的方言支持在每个`Engine` 或每个`Connection` 的基础上设置隔离模式，使用`create_engine()` 层次上以及 `Connection.execution_options()` 层次上的标志。

当使用 ORM `Session` 时，它充当引擎和连接的*外观*，但不直接暴露事务隔离。因此，为了影响事务隔离级别，我们需要在适当时对`Engine` 或 `Connection` 进行操作。

另请参阅

设置事务隔离级别，包括 DBAPI 自动提交 - 一定要查看 SQLAlchemy `Connection` 对象级别的隔离级别是如何工作的。

#### 为 Sessionmaker / Engine 设置隔离级别

要为 `Session` 或 `sessionmaker` 设置特定的隔离级别，全局首选技巧是可以始终根据特定的隔离级别构建一个 `Engine`，然后将其用作 `Session` 和/或 `sessionmaker` 的连接源：

```py
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine(
    "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
    isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ",
)

Session = sessionmaker(eng)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = eng.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

transactional_session = sessionmaker(eng)
autocommit_session = sessionmaker(autocommit_engine)

with autocommit_session() as session:
    some_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))
    some_other_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))

# closes connection

plain_engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = plain_engine.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

# will normally use plain_engine
Session = sessionmaker(plain_engine)

# make a specific Session that will use the "autocommit" engine
with Session(bind=autocommit_engine) as session:
    # work with session
    ...

with Session() as session:
    session.bind_mapper(User, autocommit_engine)

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

# assume session just constructed
sess = Session(bind=engine)

# call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
# this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a real
# database transaction.
sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

# ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# commit transaction.  the connection is released
# and reverted to its previous isolation level.
sess.commit()

# subsequent to commit() above, a new transaction may be begun if desired,
# which will proceed with the previous default isolation level unless
# it is set again.

sess = Session(bind=engine)

with sess.begin():
    # call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
    # this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a
    # real database transaction.
    sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

    # ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# outside the block, the transaction has been committed.  the connection is
# released and reverted to its previous isolation level.

Session = sessionmaker()

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add(u1)
    session.add(u2)

    nested = session.begin_nested()  # establish a savepoint
    session.add(u3)
    nested.rollback()  # rolls back u3, keeps u1 and u2

# commits u1 and u2

for record in records:
    try:
        with session.begin_nested():
            session.merge(record)
    except:
        print("Skipped record %s" % record)
session.commit()

from sqlalchemy import exc

with session.begin():
    for record in records:
        try:
            with session.begin_nested():
                obj = SomeRecord(id=record["identifier"], name=record["name"])
                session.add(obj)
        except exc.IntegrityError:
            print(f"Skipped record {record} - row already exists")

ORM                                           Core
-----------------------------------------     -----------------------------------
sessionmaker                                  Engine
Session                                       Connection
sessionmaker.begin()                          Engine.begin()
some_session.commit()                         some_connection.commit()
with some_sessionmaker() as session:          with some_engine.connect() as conn:
with some_sessionmaker.begin() as session:    with some_engine.begin() as conn:
with some_session.begin_nested() as sp:       with some_connection.begin_nested() as sp:

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.connect() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    conn.commit()

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    session.commit()

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
# commits and closes automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
# commits and closes automatically

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    savepoint = conn.begin_nested()
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback

# commits automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    savepoint = session.begin_nested()
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback
# commits automatically

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.connect() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    conn.commit()

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    session.commit()

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
# commits and closes automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
# commits and closes automatically

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")

with engine.begin() as conn:
    savepoint = conn.begin_nested()
    conn.execute(
        some_table.insert(),
        [
            {"data": "some data one"},
            {"data": "some data two"},
            {"data": "some data three"},
        ],
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback

# commits automatically

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

with Session.begin() as session:
    savepoint = session.begin_nested()
    session.add_all(
        [
            SomeClass(data="some data one"),
            SomeClass(data="some data two"),
            SomeClass(data="some data three"),
        ]
    )
    savepoint.commit()  # or rollback
# commits automatically

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
session.begin()
try:
    item1 = session.get(Item, 1)
    item2 = session.get(Item, 2)
    item1.foo = "bar"
    item2.bar = "foo"
    session.commit()
except:
    session.rollback()
    raise

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
with session.begin():
    item1 = session.get(Item, 1)
    item2 = session.get(Item, 2)
    item1.foo = "bar"
    item2.bar = "foo"

engine1 = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://db1")
engine2 = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://db2")

Session = sessionmaker(twophase=True)

# bind User operations to engine 1, Account operations to engine 2
Session.configure(binds={User: engine1, Account: engine2})

session = Session()

# .... work with accounts and users

# commit.  session will issue a flush to all DBs, and a prepare step to all DBs,
# before committing both transactions
session.commit()

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine(
    "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
    isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ",
)

Session = sessionmaker(eng)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = eng.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

transactional_session = sessionmaker(eng)
autocommit_session = sessionmaker(autocommit_engine)

with autocommit_session() as session:
    some_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))
    some_other_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))

# closes connection

plain_engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = plain_engine.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

# will normally use plain_engine
Session = sessionmaker(plain_engine)

# make a specific Session that will use the "autocommit" engine
with Session(bind=autocommit_engine) as session:
    # work with session
    ...

with Session() as session:
    session.bind_mapper(User, autocommit_engine)

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

# assume session just constructed
sess = Session(bind=engine)

# call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
# this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a real
# database transaction.
sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

# ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# commit transaction.  the connection is released
# and reverted to its previous isolation level.
sess.commit()

# subsequent to commit() above, a new transaction may be begun if desired,
# which will proceed with the previous default isolation level unless
# it is set again.

sess = Session(bind=engine)

with sess.begin():
    # call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
    # this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a
    # real database transaction.
    sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

    # ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# outside the block, the transaction has been committed.  the connection is
# released and reverted to its previous isolation level.

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine(
    "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
    isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ",
)

Session = sessionmaker(eng)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

eng = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = eng.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

transactional_session = sessionmaker(eng)
autocommit_session = sessionmaker(autocommit_engine)

with autocommit_session() as session:
    some_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))
    some_other_objects = session.execute(text("<statement>"))

# closes connection

plain_engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")

autocommit_engine = plain_engine.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")

# will normally use plain_engine
Session = sessionmaker(plain_engine)

# make a specific Session that will use the "autocommit" engine
with Session(bind=autocommit_engine) as session:
    # work with session
    ...

with Session() as session:
    session.bind_mapper(User, autocommit_engine)

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

# assume session just constructed
sess = Session(bind=engine)

# call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
# this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a real
# database transaction.
sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

# ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# commit transaction.  the connection is released
# and reverted to its previous isolation level.
sess.commit()

# subsequent to commit() above, a new transaction may be begun if desired,
# which will proceed with the previous default isolation level unless
# it is set again.

sess = Session(bind=engine)

with sess.begin():
    # call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
    # this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a
    # real database transaction.
    sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

    # ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# outside the block, the transaction has been committed.  the connection is
# released and reverted to its previous isolation level.

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from unittest import TestCase

# global application scope.  create Session class, engine
Session = sessionmaker()

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://...")

class SomeTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # connect to the database
        self.connection = engine.connect()

        # begin a non-ORM transaction
        self.trans = self.connection.begin()

        # bind an individual Session to the connection, selecting
        # "create_savepoint" join_transaction_mode
        self.session = Session(
            bind=self.connection, join_transaction_mode="create_savepoint"
        )

    def test_something(self):
        # use the session in tests.

        self.session.add(Foo())
        self.session.commit()

    def test_something_with_rollbacks(self):
        self.session.add(Bar())
        self.session.flush()
        self.session.rollback()

        self.session.add(Foo())
        self.session.commit()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.session.close()

        # rollback - everything that happened with the
        # Session above (including calls to commit())
        # is rolled back.
        self.trans.rollback()

        # return connection to the Engine
        self.connection.close()

sess = Session(bind=engine)

with sess.begin():
    # call connection() with options before any other operations proceed.
    # this will procure a new connection from the bound engine and begin a
    # real database transaction.
    sess.connection(execution_options={"isolation_level": "SERIALIZABLE"})

    # ... work with session in SERIALIZABLE isolation level...

# outside the block, the transaction has been committed.  the connection is
# released and reverted to its previous isolation level.

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from unittest import TestCase

# global application scope.  create Session class, engine
Session = sessionmaker()

engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://...")

class SomeTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # connect to the database
        self.connection = engine.connect()

        # begin a non-ORM transaction
        self.trans = self.connection.begin()

        # bind an individual Session to the connection, selecting
        # "create_savepoint" join_transaction_mode
        self.session = Session(
            bind=self.connection, join_transaction_mode="create_savepoint"
        )

    def test_something(self):
        # use the session in tests.

        self.session.add(Foo())
        self.session.commit()

    def test_something_with_rollbacks(self):
        self.session.add(Bar())
        self.session.flush()
        self.session.rollback()

        self.session.add(Foo())
        self.session.commit()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.session.close()

        # rollback - everything that happened with the
        # Session above (including calls to commit())
        # is rolled back.
        self.trans.rollback()

        # return connection to the Engine
        self.connection.close()