如何在LWJGL中渲染3D立方体？

在LWJGL中渲染3D立方体，需要以下几个步骤：

初始化LWJGL：首先需要初始化LWJGL，包括创建窗口、配置OpenGL上下文等。
设置顶点数据：创建立方体的顶点数据，包括顶点坐标、纹理坐标和法向量。
创建着色器程序：创建顶点着色器和片段着色器，编写相应的着色器代码，并将它们链接到一个着色器程序中。
配置投影矩阵和模型视图矩阵：创建投影矩阵和模型视图矩阵，并将它们传递给顶点着色器。
加载纹理：加载立方体的纹理，并将其绑定到纹理单元。
绘制立方体：使用顶点数据和纹理坐标绘制立方体。

下面是一个简单的示例代码：

import static org.lwjgl.glfw.GLFW.*;

import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.*;

import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL13.*;

import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15.*;

import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20.*;

import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30.*;

import static org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil.*;

import java.nio.FloatBuffer;

import java.nio.IntBuffer;

import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;

import org.lwjgl.glfw.GLFWCursorPosCallback;

import org.lwjgl.glfw.GLFWFramebufferSizeCallback;

import org.lwjgl.glfw.GLFWKeyCallback;

import org.lwjgl.glfw.GLFWMouseButtonCallback;

import org.lwjgl.glfw.GLFWScrollCallback;

import org.lwjgl.glfw.GLFWVidMode;

import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL;

import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLCapabilities;

import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;

public class LWJGLDemo {

private static final int WIDTH = 1280;

private static final int HEIGHT = 720;

private static final float[] VERTICES = {

    // Front face

    -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

     1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

     1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

    -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

    // Back face

    -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

    -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

     1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

     1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

    // Top face

    -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

    -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

     1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

     1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

    // Bottom face

    -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

     1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

     1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

    -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

    // Right face

     1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

     1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

     1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

     1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

    // Left face

    -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f,

    -1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,

    -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

    -1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f,

};

private static final float[] TEXTURE_COORDS = {

    // Front face

    0.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 1.0f,

    0.0f, 1.0f,

    // Back face

    0.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 1.0f,

    0.0f, 1.0f,

    // Top face

    0.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 1.0f,

    0.0f, 1.0f,

    // Bottom face

    0.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 1.0f,

    0.0f, 1.0f,

    // Right face

    0.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 1.0f,

    0.0f, 1.0f,

    // Left face

    0.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 0.0f,

    1.0f, 1.0f,

    0.0f, 1.0f,

};

private static final int[] INDICES = {

    // Front face

    0, 1, 2,

    2, 3, 0,

    // Top face

    4, 5, 6,

    6, 7, 4,

    // Back face

    8, 9, 10,

    10, 11, 8,

    // Bottom face

    12, 13, 14,

    14, 15, 12,

    // Right face

    16, 17, 18,

    18, 19, 16,

    // Left face

    20, 21, 22,

    22, 23, 20,

};

private long window;

private int texture;

private int vao;

private int vbo;

private int ebo;

private int shaderProgram;

public static void main(String[] args) {

    new LWJGLDemo().run();

private void run() {

    // Initialize GLFW

    if (!glfwInit()) {

        throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to initialize GLFW");

    // Configure GLFW

    glfwDefaultWindowHints();

    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_VISIBLE, GLFW_FALSE);

    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_TRUE);

    // Create the window

    window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "LWJGL Demo", NULL, NULL);

    if (window == NULL) {

        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create the GLFW window");

    // Setup callbacks

    GLFWFramebufferSizeCallback fbCallback = new GLFWFramebufferSizeCallback() {

        public void invoke(long window, int width, int height) {

            glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

};

    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, fbCallback);

    // Make the OpenGL context current

    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);

    glfwSwapInterval(1);

    // Make the window visible

    glfwShowWindow(window);

    // This line is critical for LWJGL's interoperation with GLFW's

    // OpenGL context, or any context that is managed externally.

    // LWJGL detects the context that is current in the current thread,

    // creates the GLCapabilities instance and makes the OpenGL

    // bindings available for use.

    GLCapabilities caps = GL.createCapabilities();

    // Set the clear color

    glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

    // Initialize the shader program

    shaderProgram = createShaderProgram();

    // Initialize the vertex data

    vao = glGenVertexArrays();

    glBindVertexArray(vao);

    vbo = glGenBuffers();

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);

    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, toFloatBuffer(VERTICES), GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    ebo = glGenBuffers();

    glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);

    glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, toIntBuffer(INDICES), GL_STATIC_DRAW);

    // Position attribute

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 3 * 4, 0);

    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);

    // Texture coordinate attribute

    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, false, 2 * 4, 3 * 4 * VERTICES.length);

    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);

    // Initialize the texture

    texture = glGenTextures();

    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

    // Load the texture

    int[] width = new int[1];

    int[] height = new int[1];

    int[] channels = new int[1];

    ByteBuffer data = stbi_load("texture.jpg", width, height, channels, 0);

    if (data != null) {

        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width[0], height[0], 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);

        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

    } else {

        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to load texture");

    stbi_image_free(data);

    // Game loop

    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {

        // Poll events

        glfwPollEvents();

        // Clear the screen

        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // Bind the shader program

        glUseProgram(shaderProgram);

        // Bind the texture

        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture);

        // Draw the cube

        glBindVertexArray(vao);

        glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, INDICES.length, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);

        // Swap the buffers

        glfwSwapBuffers(window);

    // Cleanup

    glDeleteVertexArrays(vao);

    glDeleteBuffers(vbo);

    glDeleteBuffers(ebo);

    glDeleteTextures(texture);

    glDeleteProgram(shaderProgram);

    // Terminate GLFW

    glfwTerminate();

private int createShaderProgram() {

    int vertexShader = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);

    glShaderSource(vertexShader, "#version 330 core\n" +

        "layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;\n" +

        "layout(location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;\n" +

        "out vec2 TexCoord;\n" +

        "uniform mat4 projection;\n" +

        "uniform mat4 view;\n" +

        "uniform mat4 model;\n" +

        "void main()\n" +

        "{\n" +

        "   gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);\n" +

        "   TexCoord = aTexCoord;\n" +

        "}\n");

    glCompileShader(vertexShader);

    if (glGetShaderi(vertexShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS) == GL_FALSE) {

        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to compile vertex shader: " + glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShader));

    int fragmentShader = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);

    glShaderSource(fragmentShader, "#version 330 core\n" +

        "out vec4 FragColor;\n" +

        "in vec2 TexCoord;\n" +

        "uniform sampler2D texture1;\n" +

        "void main()\n" +

        "{\n" +

        "   FragColor = texture(texture1, TexCoord);\n" +

        "}\n");

    glCompileShader(fragmentShader);

    if (glGetShaderi(fragmentShader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS) == GL_FALSE) {

        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to compile fragment shader: " + glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShader));

    int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();

    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, vertexShader);

    glAttachShader(shaderProgram, fragmentShader);

    glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);

    if (glGetProgrami(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS) == GL_FALSE) {

        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to link shader program: " + glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram));

    glDeleteShader(vertexShader);

    glDeleteShader(fragmentShader);

    return shaderProgram;

private FloatBuffer toFloatBuffer(float[] data) {

    FloatBuffer buffer = MemoryUtil.memAllocFloat(data.length);

    buffer.put(data).flip();

    return buffer;

private IntBuffer toIntBuffer(int[] data) {

    IntBuffer buffer = MemoryUtil.memAllocInt(data.length);

    buffer.put(data).flip();

    return buffer;

}

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