面试的时候经常会遇见诸如:“java中的HashMap是怎么工作的”,“HashMap的get和put内部的工作原理”这样的问题。本文将用一个简单的例子来解释下HashMap内部的工作原理。首先我们从一个例子开始,而不仅仅是从理论上,这样,有助于更好地理解,然后,我们来看下get和put到底是怎样工作的。
我们来看个非常简单的例子。有一个”国家”(Country)类,我们将要用Country对象作为key,它的首都的名字(String类型)作为value。下面的例子有助于我们理解key-value对在HashMap中是如何存储的。
1. Country.java
package org.arpit.javapostsforlearning;public class Country { String name; long population; public Country(String name, long population) { super(); this.name = name; this.population = population; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public long getPopulation() { return population; } public void setPopulation(long population) { this.population = population; } // If length of name in country object is even then return 31(any random number) and if odd then return 95(any random number). // This is not a good practice to generate hashcode as below method but I am doing so to give better and easy understanding of hashmap. @Override public int hashCode() { if(this.name.length()%2==0) return 31; else return 95; } @Override public boolean equals(Object obj) { Country other = (Country) obj; if (name.equalsIgnoreCase((other.name))) return true; return false; } }
2. HashMapStructure.java(main class)
import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Iterator; public class HashMapStructure { /** * @author Arpit Mandliya */ public static void main(String[] args) { Country india=new Country("India",1000); Country japan=new Country("Japan",10000); Country france=new Country("France",2000); Country russia=new Country("Russia",20000); HashMap<country,string> countryCapitalMap=new HashMap<country,string>(); countryCapitalMap.put(india,"Delhi"); countryCapitalMap.put(japan,"Tokyo"); countryCapitalMap.put(france,"Paris"); countryCapitalMap.put(russia,"Moscow"); Iterator<country> countryCapitalIter=countryCapitalMap.keySet().iterator();//put debug point at this line while(countryCapitalIter.hasNext()) { Country countryObj=countryCapitalIter.next(); String capital=countryCapitalMap.get(countryObj); System.out.println(countryObj.getName()+"----"+capital); } } }
现在,在第23行设置一个断点,在项目上右击->调试运行(debug as)->java应用(java application)。程序会停在23行,然后在countryCapitalMap上右击,选择“查看”(watch)。将会看到如下的结构:
从上图可以观察到以下几点:
1. 有一个叫做table大小是16的Entry数组。
2. 这个table数组存储了Entry类的对象。HashMap类有一个叫做Entry的内部类。这个Entry类包含了key-value作为实例变量。我们来看下Entry类的结构。Entry类的结构:
static class Entry implements Map.Entry{ final K key; V value; Entry next; final int hash; ...//More code goes here}
3. 每当往hashmap里面存放key-value对的时候,都会为它们实例化一个Entry对象,这个Entry对象就会存储在前面提到的Entry数组table中。现在你一定很想知道,上面创建的Entry对象将会存放在具体哪个位置(在table中的精确位置)。答案就是,根据key的hashcode()方法计算出来的hash值(来决定)。hash值用来计算key在Entry数组的索引。
4. 现在,如果你看下上图中数组的索引10,它有一个叫做HashMap$Entry的Entry对象。
5. 我们往hashmap放了4个key-value对,但是看上去好像只有2个元素!!!这是因为,如果两个元素有相同的hashcode,它们会被放在同一个索引上。问题出现了,该怎么放呢?原来它是以链表(LinkedList)的形式来存储的(逻辑上)。
上面的country对象的key-value的hash值是如何计算出来的。
<code>Japan的Hash值是95,它的长度是奇数。 India的Hash值是95,它的长度是奇数。 Russia的Hash值是31,它的长度是偶数。 France,它的长度是偶数。 </code>
下图会清晰的从概念上解释下链表。
所以,现在假如你已经很好地了解了hashmap的结构,让我们看下put和get方法。
Put :
让我们看下put方法的实现:
/** * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. If the * map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old value is * replaced. * * @param key * key with which the specified value is to be associated * @param value * value to be associated with the specified key * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or <tt>null</tt> * if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>. (A <tt>null</tt> return * can also indicate that the map previously associated * <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.) */ public V put(K key, V value) { if (key == null) return putForNullKey(value); int hash = hash(key.hashCode()); int i = indexFor(hash, table.length); for (Entry<k , V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) { Object k; if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) { V oldValue = e.value; e.value = value; e.recordAccess(this); return oldValue; } } modCount++; addEntry(hash, key, value, i); return null; }
现在我们一步一步来看下上面的代码。
Get:
现在我们来看下get方法的实现:
/** * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or {@code null} * if this map contains no mapping for the key. * * <p> * More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key {@code k} to a * value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null : * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise it returns * {@code null}. (There can be at most one such mapping.) * * </p><p> * A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i> indicate that * the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map * explicitly maps the key to {@code null}. The {@link #containsKey * containsKey} operation may be used to distinguish these two cases. * * @see #put(Object, Object) */ public V get(Object key) { if (key == null) return getForNullKey(); int hash = hash(key.hashCode()); for (Entry<k , V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)]; e != null; e = e.next) { Object k; if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) return e.value; } return null; }
当你理解了hashmap的put的工作原理,理解get的工作原理就非常简单了。当你传递一个key从hashmap总获取value的时候:
要牢记以下关键点: