晶体管放大器的增益参数，你知道多少？

Current gain is one of the important specifications for a bipolar transistor – three figures are often seen: Beta β,hFE & hfe, each of which is slightly different.

In any circuit, the current gain of a bipolar transistor will be of paramount importance. Whether the circuit is common emitter, common collector, etc, and whether it uses NPN transistors or PNP transistors.Although other parameters of these semiconductor devices are also important, the current gain is particularly key because the bipolar transistor is a current operated device.

The transistor current gain is normally specified in terms of hFE, hfe, or the Greek letter Beta β.When designing any transistor circuit, it is necessary to ensure there is sufficient gain to enable the circuit to operate correctly. Gain levels can be very high for many small signal devices,with current gains up to 1000 not uncommon, but for power transistors, gains are very much lower and can sometimes be in the region of only 25 - 50.

BC547 Plastic leaded transistor

Normally current gain specifications for transistors normally have a very wide tolerance, and therefore circuits need tobe able to accommodate this. However the minimum transistor gain must be sufficient to support the correct operation.

Transistor gain & Beta, β

When undertaking many calculations the transistor current gain is given in terms of the Greek letter Beta; β.This is the forward current gain for the transistor when operated in a common emitter mode.

Basic transistor current flows

Although it is not strictly exact, the equation below is more than accurate enough for all practical calculations.This transistor gain equation is the one that is seen in most instances.

Transistor hfe

Transistor Hfe, hfe are often seen quoted as the current gain. This can lead to some confusion.The reason for using hfe is that it refers to way of measuring the input and output parameters of a transistor.Z parameters are one of the basic parameters used when treating a circuit as a black box. However as a transistor exhibits a low input impedance and a high output impedance a form of parameter known as h or hybrid parameters are used.hfe is the forward transfer characteristic,i.e. transistor gain when used in the common emitter mode.hfe is exactly the same as the transistor Beta, β - it is just a little more correct to use it in datasheets.

DC & small signal transistor gain

The transistor gain varies slightly when measured for DC and for small signal variations.The notations for the two figures are slightly different. Often ΒDC is used for the DC gain, and ΒAC is used for the AC gain which may also be referred to as the transistor small signal gain.Similarly for hfe. Hfe with a capital H isused for the DC gain, where as the AC or small signal gain is denoted by hfewith a small letter h.

Transistor gain summary

The various notations for transistor gain can be summarised as below.

• Beta;β: This is the basic notation for the forward current gain of a transistor.

• hfe: This is the current gain for a transistor expressed as an h parameter (hybrid parameter). The letter f indicates that it is a forward transfer characteristic, and the letter e indicates it is for a common emitter configuration. The small letter h indicates it is a small signalgain. hfe and small signal Beta are the same.

• hFE: The Hfe parameter differs from hfe in that it is the h parameter for the DC or large signal steady state forward currentgain.

The different abbreviation used for the transistor gain, Hfe, hfe & Beta are all widely used, although theparameters Hfe, hfe tend to be more widely used in datasheets.

Points to note

There are several points which are of interest when judging the level of current gain that a transistor has:

• Gain of power transistors: The gain of power transistors is typically very much less than that of small signal devices.Power transistors may have current gain figures of less than 50, but by using another transistor to drive the power transistor, the overall current gain canbe increased to the desired level.

• Current gain varies widely: It is worth noting that for any transistor type there can be a very large spread between different devices. Normally the performance of the circuit does not depend directly onthe actual current gain, especially as negative feedback is often included, or for switching applications the actual gain is not critical. It is always wise to ensure there is enough current gain available using the minimum figure given in the datasheets.

Variation of current gain

It is normally expected that the value of current gain β for a bipolar transistor is constant, however there are some variations that occur in the value of β or hFE.

• β variations with collector current: The collector current level can cause a variation in the level of β or or hFE.

• At low current: This occurs when the bipolar transistor is running at very low current levels as a result of leakage mechanisms being seen and affecting the overall transistor current. For examplethe specification for a BC109B operating with a collector current, IC of 10µAand a collector emitter voltage VCE of 5V has a minimum gain of 40, whereas for a collector current, IC of 2mA and a collector emitter voltage VCE of 5 V it has a minimum gain of 200.

• At high current: It is found that the level of the bipolar transistor current gain β starting to reduce as the current is increased. This results from a high level injection occurring.

Normally the bipolar transistor is biassed to operate in its linear region for analogue signals and it can be assumed that the current gain is constant. Accordingly, for good linear operation, the transistor should be operated well within its operating range and not running into the rails or drawing excessive current for the particular semiconductor device.

• Temperature effects on current gain β: Temperaturehas a major effect on many bipolar transistor parameters, one of which is the current gain, β / hFE, etc.

• Frequency: The frequency of operation will have a marked effect on the value of current gain. For low frequencies, the value of hfe, i.e. the small signal gain will not vary too much from the value for DC hFE figure - a good rule of thumb is that the mid figure for hFE can be used.As the circuit operation for any circuit should not be critically dependent upon the actual gain for the semiconductor device. If the frequency rises and even starts to approach the fT of the device, then a lower gain figure must be used.

• Manufacturing spreads: As a result of the tolerances in the manufacturing processes, the current gain of bipolar transistors will vary over a considerable range. (See below).

In these descriptions the variations of β described for bipolar transistors can be equally applicable to hFE.

Datasheet specifications of current gain

As a result of the manufacturing processes,bipolar transistors typically have a wide range in their values of current gain.As already mentioned, figures for both Hfe the DC gain and hfe the small signal AC gain. Often figures for both parameters are specified.When giving the specification, the test conditions are outlined. The current level and collector emitter voltage are normally specified.In view of the spread of current gain levels in these electronic components, figures for minimum, typical and maximum may be given. Often, not all of these figures are give: sometimes only the minimum figure for the current gain may be specified.

As there can be a significant variation in gain for a given type of transistor, a suffix letter on the end of the transistor part number may specify the band of gain expected for that particular device. For example a BC109B has a current gain hFE between 200 and 450, and a BC109C has a current gain hFE between 420 and 800.

Whatever the circuit used, and whether NPN transistors or PNP transistors are used, the current gain of the transistor is a key parameter. Although there are significant gain variations, most circuits are tolerant to the actual gain of the transistor, requiring it to be sufficient to ensure correct operation.

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