Python subprocess模块替换教程 - 安全高效的子进程管理方案

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# 安装sh模块
# pip install sh

import sh

# 执行简单命令
print(sh.ls("-l", "/tmp"))

# 带参数的命令
sh.git("clone", "https://github.com/user/repo.git")

# 捕获输出
result = sh.echo("Hello, World!")
print(result.stdout)

# 错误处理
try:
    sh.cat("/nonexistent_file")
except sh.ErrorReturnCode as e:
    print(f"Command failed: {e}")

# 后台执行命令
p = sh.sleep(10, _bg=True)
print("Command running in background...")
p.wait()

from plumbum import local, FG, BG

# 获取本地命令
ls = local["ls"]
grep = local["grep"]
echo = local["echo"]

# 执行简单命令
ls("-l", "/tmp")

# 命令链：ls | grep py
chain = ls["-l", "/tmp"] | grep["py"]
print(chain())

# 带环境变量执行
with local.env(PYTHONPATH="/my/path"):
    local["python"]["-c", "import os; print(os.environ['PYTHONPATH'])"] & FG

# 后台执行
bg_process = (echo["Hello"] > "output.txt") & BG
bg_process.wait()

# 超时处理
try:
    local["sleep"]["10"].run(timeout=2)
except TimeoutExpired:
    print("Command timed out!")

import subprocess

def run_command(cmd, timeout=30, capture_output=True, **kwargs):
    """
    安全执行命令的封装函数
    
    参数:
        cmd: 命令列表，如 ["ls", "-l"]
        timeout: 超时时间(秒)
        capture_output: 是否捕获输出
        **kwargs: 传递给subprocess的其他参数
        
    返回: (returncode, stdout, stderr) 元组
    """
    if capture_output:
        kwargs.setdefault("stdout", subprocess.PIPE)
        kwargs.setdefault("stderr", subprocess.PIPE)
    
    try:
        # 安全执行：避免shell注入漏洞
        result = subprocess.run(
            cmd,
            timeout=timeout,
            text=True,
            **kwargs
        )
        return (
            result.returncode, 
            result.stdout, 
            result.stderr
        )
    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired as e:
        return (-1, "", f"Command timed out: {e}")
    except Exception as e:
        return (-2, "", f"Command execution failed: {e}")

# 使用示例
returncode, stdout, stderr = run_command(["ls", "-l", "/tmp"])
if returncode == 0:
    print(stdout)
else:
    print(f"Error: {stderr}")