protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    string script = "$(document).ready(function(){ yourJqueryFunction(); });";
    ClientScript.RegisterStartupScript(this.GetType(), "CallJqueryFunction", script, true);
}

// 后端代码
hiddenField.Value = "1"; // 设置触发值

// 前端jQuery代码
$(document).ready(function() {
    if($("#<%= hiddenField.ClientID %>").val() == "1") {
        yourJqueryFunction();
    }
});

// jQuery代码
$.ajax({
    url: "YourPage.aspx/YourMethod",
    type: "POST",
    data: JSON.stringify({ param: value }),
    contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
    dataType: "json",
    success: function(response) {
        yourJqueryFunction(response.d);
    }
});

// 后端代码
[System.Web.Services.WebMethod]
public static string YourMethod(string param)
{
    // 处理逻辑
    return "result";
}

// 后端Hub类
public class MyHub : Hub
{
    public void CallClientMethod(string message)
    {
        Clients.All.clientMethod(message);
    }
}

// 前端代码
var connection = $.hubConnection();
var hubProxy = connection.createHubProxy('myHub');
hubProxy.on('clientMethod', function(message) {
    yourJqueryFunction(message);
});
connection.start();