Run-time type information (RTTI) is a mechanism that allows the type of an object to be determined during program execution.
There are three main C++ language elements to run-time type information:
The dynamic_cast operator.
Used for conversion of polymorphic types.
The typeid operator.
Used for identifying the exact type of an object.
The type_info class.
Used to hold the type information returned by the typeid operator.
class type_info {
public:
virtual ~type_info();
bool operator==(const type_info& rhs) const;
bool operator!=(const type_info& rhs) const;
int before(const type_info& rhs) const;
const char* name() const;
const char* raw_name() const;
private:
void *_m_data;
char _m_d_name[1];
type_info(const type_info& rhs);
type_info& operator=(const type_info& rhs);
static const char _Name_base(const type_info *,__type_info_node* __ptype_info_node);
};
The result of typeid is a const type_info&. The value is a reference to a type_info object that represents either the type-id or the type of the expression, depending on which form of typeid is used.
为了支持RTTI,为每一个多态类创建一个type_info 对象(静态数据区),并把其地址保存到vtable中的固定位置(一般为第一个位置)(取决于具体编译器实现,标准并没有规定)。
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Shape { public: virtual void Draw() = 0; virtual ~Shape() {} }; class Circle : public Shape { public: void Draw() { cout << "Circle Draw ..." << endl; } }; class Square : public Shape { public: void Draw() { cout << "Square Draw ..." << endl; } }; int main(void) { Shape *p; Circle c; p = &c; p->Draw(); //使用dynamic_cast 的条件 //1、开启运行时类型信息;2、应用在具有多态关系的继承体系上; if (dynamic_cast<Circle *>(p)) { cout << "p is point to a Circle object" << endl; Circle *cp = dynamic_cast<Circle *>(p); // 安全向下转型 cp->Draw(); //效率没有 p->Draw(); 高 } else if (dynamic_cast<Square *>(p)) { cout << "p is point to a Square object" << endl; } else { cout << "p is point to a Other object" << endl; } cout << typeid(*p).name() << endl; cout << typeid(Circle).name() << endl; if (typeid(Circle).name() == typeid(*p).name()) { cout << "p is point to a Circle object" << endl; ((Circle *)p)->Draw(); } else if (typeid(Square).name() == typeid(*p).name()) { cout << "p is point to a Circle object" << endl; ((Square *)p)->Draw(); } else { cout << "p is point to a Other object" << endl; } return 0; }
类A依赖于B:
从语义上来上是A use B,偶然的,临时的
B作为A的成员函数参数
B作为A的成员函数的局部变量
A的成员函数调用B的静态方法
比较5种关系:
继承体现的是类与类之间的纵向关系,其他4种体现的是类与类之间的横向关系。
关联强弱
依赖<关联<聚合<组合
继承(A is B)
关联、聚合、组合(A has B)
依赖(A use B)