很自然的想法是,句子的含义是句子中各个单词的含义的组合,而段落的含义是段落中各个句子的含义的组合。语义合成原则(the principle of compositionality)由哲学家戈特洛布·弗雷格(Gottlob Frege)于1882年首次提出,它指出句子(或文本)的含义是各个单词的含义加上词义组合的句法规则。但是,这种字面意思只是人类理解的冰山一角。对语言的理解远不止于了解单词的字典含义和运用语法规则。
同样,思考一下《法庭上的混乱》(Disorder in the Court, Sevilla,1999年)这本书中的上述示例。看到上述示例,我们都笑了,因为证人误解了律师的问题。但是,请考虑一下,为了正确理解律师的意图,我们需要应用多少世界知识。在第一个示例中,“gear”这个词有多种含义,而证人选择了错误的含义。但如果没有其他背景,我们大多数人看了律师的问题都会推断出这是一起交通事故的法庭案件。
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