接上一篇继续,今天学习如何从Request请求中提取想要的内容,用axum里的概念叫Extract。
预备知识:json序列化/反序列化
鉴于现在web开发中,json格式被广泛使用,先熟悉下rust中如何进行json序列化/反序列化。
[dependencies]
serde_json = "1"
先加入serde_json依赖项,然后就可以使用了,先定义1个struct:
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Order {
//订单号
order_no: String,
//总金额
amount: f32,
//收货地址
address: String,
}
注意:别忘了加#derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize),这个表示被修饰的struct,实现了序列化/反序列化,以及"{:?}"调试输出的能力,当然最开头要use一下:
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use serde_json as sj;
接下来就可以使用了:
//序列化
let order = Order{
order_no:"1234567".to_string(),
amount:100.0,
address:"test".to_string()
};
let order_json =sj::to_string(&order).unwrap();
println!("{}",order_json);
//反序列化
let order_json = r#"
{
"order_no": "1234567",
"amount": 100.0,
"address": "test"
}
"#;
let order:Order = sj::from_str(order_json).unwrap();
println!("{:?}",order);
//下面少2个字段赋值,反序列化时,会报错
let order_json = r#"
{
"order_no": "1234567"
}
"#;
let order:Order = sj::from_str(order_json).unwrap();
println!("{:?}",order);
输出:
****************************
{"order_no":"1234567","amount":100.0,"address":"test"}
Order { order_no: "1234567", amount: 100.0, address: "test" }
thread 'main' panicked at 'called Result::unwrap()
on an Err
value: Error("missing field amount
", line: 4, column: 9)', request/src/main.rs:198:48
****************************
可以看到,相比于java等其它语言的jackson, gson之类的json类库,rust中的serde非常严格,少1个字段反序列化时都会报错,因此建议定义struct时,对于可能为空的字段,最好加Option
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Order {
//订单号
order_no: String,
//总金额
amount: Option<f32>,
//收货地址
address: Option<String>,
}
这回再反序列化时,就不会报错了:
//下面少2个字段赋值,反序列化时,会报错
let order_json = r#"
{
"order_no": "1234567"
}
"#;
let order: Order = sj::from_str(order_json).unwrap();
println!("{:?}", order);
输出:
Order { order_no: "1234567", amount: None, address: None }
一、从path中提取内容
1.1 单一参数提取
路由:
.route("/user/:id", get(user_info))
处理函数:
// eg: /user/30,将解析出id=30
async fn user_info(Path(id): Path<i32>) -> String {
format!("user id:{}", id)
}
也可以这样:
// eg: /user2/30,将解析出id=30
async fn user_info_2(id: Path<i32>) -> String {
format!("user id:{}", id.0)
}
1.2 多参数提取
路由:
.route("/person/:id/:age", get(person))
处理函数:
// eg: /person/123/30,将解析出id=123, age=30
async fn person(Path((id, age)): Path<(i32, i32)>) -> String {
format!("id:{},age:{}", id, age)
}
用(X,Y)之类的tuple来提取参数,但是如果参数很多,通常会将参数对象化,封装成一个struct
1.3 struct提取
路由:
.route("/path_req/:a/:b/:c/:d", get(path_req))
处理函数:
#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct SomeRequest {
a: String,
b: i32,
c: String,
d: u32,
}
// eg: path_req/a1/b1/c1/d1
async fn path_req(Path(req): Path<SomeRequest>) -> String {
format!("a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}", req.a, req.b, req.c, req.d)
}
不过这种方法,必须要求所有参数都有,比如:http://localhost:3000/path_req/abc/2/yjmyzz/4,如果少1个参数,比如:http://localhost:3000/path_req/abc/2/yjmyzz 则会路由匹配失败
二、从queryString里提取内容
路由:
.route("/query_req", get(query_req))
处理函数:
//eg: query_req/?a=test&b=2&c=abc&d=80
async fn query_req(Query(args): Query<SomeRequest>) -> String {
format!("a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}", args.a, args.b, args.c, args.d)
}
注意:按上面的处理方式,QueryString里必须同时有a, b, c, d这几个参数,否则会报错。如果希望有些参数可为空,则需要把SomeRequest按前面提到的,相应的字段改成Option
#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct SomeRequest2 {
a: Option<String>,
b: Option<i32>,
c: Option<String>,
d: Option<u32>,
}
//eg: query_req2?a=abc&c=中华人民共和国&d=123
async fn query_req2(Query(args): Query<SomeRequest2>) -> String {
format!(
"a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}",
args.a.unwrap_or_default(),
args.b.unwrap_or(-1), //b缺省值指定为-1
args.c.unwrap_or_default(),
args.d.unwrap_or_default()
)
}
有时候,可能想获取所有的QueryString参数,可以用HashMap,参考下面的代码:
路由:
.route("/query", get(query))
处理函数:
//eg: query?a=1&b=1.0&c=xxx
async fn query(Query(params): Query<HashMap<String, String>>) -> String {
for (key, value) in ¶ms {
println!("key:{},value:{}", key, value);
}
format!("{:?}", params)
}
三、从Form表单提交提取内容
路由:
.route("/form", post(form_request))
处理函数:
// 表单提交
async fn form_request(Form(model): Form<SomeRequest2>) -> String {
format!(
"a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}",
model.a.unwrap_or_default(),
model.b.unwrap_or(-1), //b缺省值指定为-1
model.c.unwrap_or_default(),
model.d.unwrap_or_default()
)
}
四、从applicataion/json提取内容
路由:
.route("/json", post(json_request))
处理函数:
// json提交
async fn json_request(Json(model): Json<SomeRequest>) -> String {
format!("a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}", model.a, model.b, model.c, model.d)
}
五、提取HttpHeader
5.1 提取所有header头
路由:
.route("/header", get(get_all_header))
处理函数:
/**
* 获取所有请求头
*/
async fn get_all_header(headers: HeaderMap) -> String {
for (key, value) in &headers {
println!("key:{:?} , value:{:?}", key, value);
}
format!("{:?}", headers)
}
5.2 提取指定header头,比如user-agent
路由:
.route("/user_agent", get(get_user_agent_header))
处理函数 :
/**
* 获取http headers中的user_agent头
*/
async fn get_user_agent_header(TypedHeader(user_agent): TypedHeader<headers::UserAgent>) -> String {
user_agent.to_string()
}
五、cookie读写
路由:
.route("/set_cookie", get(set_cookie_and_redirect))
.route("/get_cookie", get(get_cookie));
处理函数:
/**
* 设置cookie并跳转到新页面
*/
async fn set_cookie_and_redirect(mut headers: HeaderMap) -> (StatusCode, HeaderMap, ()) {
//设置cookie,blog_url为cookie的key
headers.insert(
axum::http::header::SET_COOKIE,
HeaderValue::from_str("blog_url=http://yjmyzz.cnblogs.com/").unwrap(),
);
//重设LOCATION,跳到新页面
headers.insert(
axum::http::header::LOCATION,
HeaderValue::from_str("/get_cookie").unwrap(),
);
//302重定向
(StatusCode::FOUND, headers, ())
}
/**
* 读取cookie
*/
async fn get_cookie(headers: HeaderMap) -> (StatusCode, String) {
//读取cookie,并转成字符串
let cookies = headers
.get(axum::http::header::COOKIE)
.and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
.map(|v| v.to_string())
.unwrap_or("".to_string());
//cookie空判断
if cookies.is_empty() {
println!("cookie is empty!");
return (StatusCode::OK, "cookie is empty".to_string());
}
//将cookie拆成列表
let cookies: Vec<&str> = cookies.split(';').collect();
println!("{:?}", cookies);
for cookie in &cookies {
//将内容拆分成k=v的格式
let cookie_pair: Vec<&str> = cookie.split('=').collect();
if cookie_pair.len() == 2 {
let cookie_name = cookie_pair[0].trim();
let cookie_value = cookie_pair[1].trim();
println!("{:?}", cookie_pair);
//判断其中是否有刚才设置的blog_url
if cookie_name == "blog_url" && !cookie_value.is_empty() {
println!("found:{}", cookie_value);
return (StatusCode::OK, cookie_value.to_string());
}
}
}
return (StatusCode::OK, "empty".to_string());
}
最后,附上述示例完整代码:
cargo.toml依赖项:
[dependencies]
axum = { version="0.4.3", features = ["headers"] }
tokio = { version="1", features = ["full"] }
serde = { version="1", features = ["derive"] }
serde_json = "1"
http = "0.2.1"
headers = "0.3"
main.rs
use std::collections::HashMap;
use axum::{
extract::{Form, Path, Query, TypedHeader},
http::header::{HeaderMap, HeaderValue},
response::Json,
routing::{get, post},
Router,
};
use http::StatusCode;
use serde::Deserialize;
// eg: /user/30,将解析出id=30
async fn user_info(Path(id): Path<i32>) -> String {
format!("user id:{}", id)
}
// eg: /user2/30,将解析出id=30
async fn user_info_2(id: Path<i32>) -> String {
format!("user id:{}", id.0)
}
// eg: /person/123/30,将解析出id=123, age=30
async fn person(Path((id, age)): Path<(i32, i32)>) -> String {
format!("id:{},age:{}", id, age)
}
#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct SomeRequest2 {
a: Option<String>,
b: Option<i32>,
c: Option<String>,
d: Option<u32>,
}
#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct SomeRequest {
a: String,
b: i32,
c: String,
d: u32,
}
// eg: path_req/a1/b1/c1/d1
async fn path_req(Path(req): Path<SomeRequest>) -> String {
format!("a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}", req.a, req.b, req.c, req.d)
}
//eg: query_req/?a=test&b=2&c=abc&d=80
async fn query_req(Query(args): Query<SomeRequest>) -> String {
format!("a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}", args.a, args.b, args.c, args.d)
}
//eg: query_req2?a=abc&c=中华人民共和国&d=123
async fn query_req2(Query(args): Query<SomeRequest2>) -> String {
format!(
"a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}",
args.a.unwrap_or_default(),
args.b.unwrap_or(-1), //b缺省值指定为-1
args.c.unwrap_or_default(),
args.d.unwrap_or_default()
)
}
//eg: query?a=1&b=1.0&c=xxx
async fn query(Query(params): Query<HashMap<String, String>>) -> String {
for (key, value) in ¶ms {
println!("key:{},value:{}", key, value);
}
format!("{:?}", params)
}
// 表单提交
async fn form_request(Form(model): Form<SomeRequest2>) -> String {
format!(
"a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}",
model.a.unwrap_or_default(),
model.b.unwrap_or(-1), //b缺省值指定为-1
model.c.unwrap_or_default(),
model.d.unwrap_or_default()
)
}
// json提交
async fn json_request(Json(model): Json<SomeRequest>) -> String {
format!("a:{},b:{},c:{},d:{}", model.a, model.b, model.c, model.d)
}
/**
* 获取所有请求头
*/
async fn get_all_header(headers: HeaderMap) -> String {
for (key, value) in &headers {
println!("key:{:?} , value:{:?}", key, value);
}
format!("{:?}", headers)
}
/**
* 获取http headers中的user_agent头
*/
async fn get_user_agent_header(TypedHeader(user_agent): TypedHeader<headers::UserAgent>) -> String {
user_agent.to_string()
}
/**
* 设置cookie并跳转到新页面
*/
async fn set_cookie_and_redirect(mut headers: HeaderMap) -> (StatusCode, HeaderMap, ()) {
//设置cookie,blog_url为cookie的key
headers.insert(
axum::http::header::SET_COOKIE,
HeaderValue::from_str("blog_url=http://yjmyzz.cnblogs.com/").unwrap(),
);
//重设LOCATION,跳到新页面
headers.insert(
axum::http::header::LOCATION,
HeaderValue::from_str("/get_cookie").unwrap(),
);
//302重定向
(StatusCode::FOUND, headers, ())
}
/**
* 读取cookie
*/
async fn get_cookie(headers: HeaderMap) -> (StatusCode, String) {
//读取cookie,并转成字符串
let cookies = headers
.get(axum::http::header::COOKIE)
.and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
.map(|v| v.to_string())
.unwrap_or("".to_string());
//cookie空判断
if cookies.is_empty() {
println!("cookie is empty!");
return (StatusCode::OK, "cookie is empty".to_string());
}
//将cookie拆成列表
let cookies: Vec<&str> = cookies.split(';').collect();
println!("{:?}", cookies);
for cookie in &cookies {
//将内容拆分成k=v的格式
let cookie_pair: Vec<&str> = cookie.split('=').collect();
if cookie_pair.len() == 2 {
let cookie_name = cookie_pair[0].trim();
let cookie_value = cookie_pair[1].trim();
println!("{:?}", cookie_pair);
//判断其中是否有刚才设置的blog_url
if cookie_name == "blog_url" && !cookie_value.is_empty() {
println!("found:{}", cookie_value);
return (StatusCode::OK, cookie_value.to_string());
}
}
}
return (StatusCode::OK, "empty".to_string());
}
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
// our router
let app = Router::new()
.route("/user/:id", get(user_info))
.route("/user2/:id", get(user_info_2))
.route("/person/:id/:age", get(person))
.route("/path_req/:a/:b/:c/:d", get(path_req))
.route("/query_req", get(query_req))
.route("/query_req2", get(query_req2))
.route("/query", get(query))
.route("/form", post(form_request))
.route("/json", post(json_request))
.route("/header", get(get_all_header))
.route("/user_agent", get(get_user_agent_header))
.route("/set_cookie", get(set_cookie_and_redirect))
.route("/get_cookie", get(get_cookie));
// run it with hyper on localhost:3000
axum::Server::bind(&"0.0.0.0:3000".parse().unwrap())
.serve(app.into_make_service())
.await
.unwrap();
}
参考文档: